Netherlands


 * By Ariella Saslafsky **
 * REFORMATION: **
 * (1433–1567) **


 * Anabaptists became popular but Calvinism became the ‘dominant faith’
 * under Phillip II, son of Charles V, Spain persecuted Calvinists through the Spanish inquisition
 * William of Orange led the Dutch to revolt against Spain so they could stay as Calvinists, began the Eighty Years’ War
 * Netherlands was doing well industrially after Spanish troops moved out when the forty years war between France and Spain ended
 * Philip II tried to enforce Catholicism and taxes but the ppl. revolted, Alba sent with Spanish Army and marched across Netherlands started the Inquisition


 * WARS OF RELIGION: **
 * (1568–1648) **


 * the 17 provinces (Netherlands) fought for independence from Phillip II of Spain
 * Called the Eighty Years’ War later became part of the Thirty Years’ War
 * Union of Utrecht united 7 provinces and made the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (or United Provinces)
 * Act of Abjuration was the declaration of independence from Spain
 * William of Orange led the war
 * Peace of Westphalia ended the war and declared the Low Countries’ independence
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Peace of Muenster recognized Dutch Republic’s independence


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">AGE OF EXPLORATION: **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dutch East India Company was the first multinational corporation financed by stocks the first modern stock exchange, traded spices in India, charter company for Dutch merchants
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bank of Amsterdam was the first central bank
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Colonies in New Amsterdam, America, and Africa - main city Cape town
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Religiously tolerant, Jews and scientists came
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Paintings were done with baroque style, and literature flourished
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dutch Empire built large scale slave trade, in the Netherlands it was illegal
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Created the sawmill which allowed building bigger fleets faster
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Trade Monopoly on Japan
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Traded using the Baltic sea, Mediterranean, and Rhine river


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">FRENCH REVOLUTION: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">(1785–1815) **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Batavian Revolution time period
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Orangists supported stadtholder William V, Prince of Orange
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Anti-Oranist Patriots against William V, wanted democracy, militia called Free Corps, rebelled and put down by Prussian troops
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">French a Dutch Patriots rebel, create the Batavian Republic
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Batavian Republic is Pro-French, William V fled and gave the colonies to Britain for safekeeping
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Treaty of Amiens and Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 returned colonies to Dutch from British
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kingdom of Holland created by Napoleon, ruled by Louis (Brother) Bonaparte who did what he could for Holland even by crossing his brother
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Holland incorporated into French Empire, then Napoleon defeated
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">William I became king of United Kingdom of the Netherlands (Unified Northern Netherlands and Austrian Netherlands)


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">CONCERT OF EUROPE and 1800s REVOLUTIONS: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">(1816–1839) **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">William I proclaimed king by the Great Powers in the Eight Articles of London and then Congress of Vienna; done to keep France “in check” by placing a powerful country next to it
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Economically advanced
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">William I enlightened despot, Fundamental Law of Holland – religious equality, and no privileges for Catholics
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">William I is Calvinist, created Nobility and implemented the Estates with no clergy, ruled with legislature
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">The south was Catholic, industrial revolution, became restless because protestants and the North were more represented in the estates
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Revolution in France led to Belgium separating, and William I tried reclaiming it but the Great Powers would not allow it
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">London Conference created the Dutch-Belgian separation treaty of 1839 which divided Luxembourg and Limburg between Belgium and Netherlands
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Netherlands contains only 11 provinces now


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">WWI: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">(1914 ****<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">– ****<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1918) **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Netherlands not invaded and remains neutral
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">US blocks river to block German imports which hurts the Netherlands
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Britain Germany and France don’t invade Netherlands because all need a different river it controls and didn’t want to risk fighting on an unfamiliar front
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Germany takes Belgium and food shortages begin because the Allies stop exporting and Germany takes whatever food is left and Belgium begins smuggling
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">5 kilometer zone erected to allow trading
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Even though Netherlands is Neutral they still have food shortages and riots
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Antwerp bombed twice


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">WWII: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">(1939–1945) **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dutch declares neutrality
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Nazis invade, are unable to penetrate so they bomb Rotterdam, threatens Utrecht then Dutch surrenders
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Queen Wilhelmina flees to England
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Holocaust in the Netherlands; Anne Frank
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">February Strike – workers in Amsterdam strike on behalf of the deportation of Jews
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dutch East Indies is taken by Japan; Netherlands went to war with Japan, Japan invaded the Dutch east indies, Netherlands surrendered and people were put to work in labor camps
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mad Tuesday – Nazi collaborators run to Germany
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hunger Winter – Allies blockade western Holland because Nazis invade
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Hague was bombed by Allies, German forces leave


 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 14pt;">Bibliography: __**


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Revolution#European_powers]

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">This source just helped me fill in a few details I needed


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands#Burgundian_period]

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">This source was extremely helpful and explained to me all the connections and important details needed to understand the Netherlands


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">This source helped me understand WWI and WWII but was not helpful on other time periods


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Helped to clarify


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation#Netherlands]

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">This source had a small paragraph that helped clarify what was actually part of the reformation and was helpful but not specifically for the Netherlands


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age#Cheap_energy_sources]

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">This just helped add in a few necessary details


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">[]

<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Helped to fill in details
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Not a very good source, it was helpful but left out important dates and facts I found in other sources