Hunt+Terms+and+Chapter+Questions

toc = = = = = = =**__ Chapter 28: Remaking Europe in the Shadow of Cold War, 1945-1965 __**= = = 1. WWII ended the global leadership of Europe. What two nations emerged as superpowers? 2. What problems faced European society as a result of WWII? 3. How was the situation for refugees? Who are categorized as refugees? 4. Why did the U.S. and the USSR emerge as superpowers? Consider the aspects that happened naturally and aspects that happened by force. 5. Historians debate the causes of the Cold War. What causes do they suggest? 6. In what ways did the U.S. “put to use its new intervention spirit to work? Why was it a “new” spirit? 7. Describe the division of Germany? What were the disagreements? 8. Identify the **Berlin Airlift** 9. What alliance systems emerged as a result of the Cold War? 10. Define the terms //East// and //West.//
 * __28.1: World Politics Transformed__**
 * __Vocab:__**

Atomic age Cold War First, second, and third world baby boom “buffer zone” Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Tito (Josip Broz) NATO Warsaw Pact

1. In what ways were the Nazis and Nazi collaborators dealt with? What heightened this desire for revenge? 2. Why did prosecutions of the Nazi’s never fully reach success? 3. In what nations was democracy restored? 4. Why was the U.S. //almost// the exception to the rule? 5. In what ways did European citizens enjoy economic recovery? 6. Describe the Common Market. How did it ensure that another war would not occur? 7. In the West, in what ways did the welfare state reflect gender bias? 8. How did it differ from the system in Eastern Europe? 9. In what ways did the standard of living improve? 10. What was the purpose of COMECON? 11. In what ways were the satellite countries “forced” to be loyal to Stalinism? Give examples. 12. What freedoms did Soviets gain as a result of Stalin’s death in 1953? 13. How did Nikita Khrushchev, who came to power 1955, rule differently than Stalin? Similar? 14. Describe the “thaw”. 15. How did aerospace developments increase tensions between the U.S. and USSR? Describe the Space Race.
 * __28.2: Political and Economic Recovery in Europe__**
 * __Vocab:__**

Economic miracle Denazification Genocide The Nuremburg Trials Fourth Republic Christian Democrats German Federal Republic Joseph McCarthy (McCarthyism) Women of the ruins Treaty of Rome (1957) European Economic Community (EEC) Technocrats Welfare state Goulash communism Nikita Khrushchev Imre Nagy Sputnik NASA

1. Describe decolonization. Why was it so difficult to achieve? 2. After the war, Britain was the biggest loser. What colonial possessions did they lose? 3. How was India handled? 4. Who was Mao Zedong? How was his type of Communism different than Marxism and Stalinism? 5. Why were the U.S. and USSR so interested in Asia? 6. Identify the **Korean War** 7. Who was Ho Chi Minh? How did he plan to oppose French rule? 8. Identify the **Battle of Dien Bien Phu** 9. In what ways were the causes and effects of the wars in Korean and Vietnam similar? 10. For what reason did Saudi Arabia turn to the U.S. to take over the oil consortium? 11. In what ways did the Jewish settlement in the Middle East stir up the political scene there? 12. Identify the Suez Crisis. 13. What African nations would gain their independence following WWII? What nations lost these colonial regions? 14. What was the purpose of the newly formed United Nations? 15. In what ways was the migration pattern following WWII a reversal of the 19th century trend? For what reasons did this migration occur? 16. What were the benefits of hiring immigrant workers? What were the benefits of being an immigrant worker? 17. Describe the changing complexion of European populations.
 * __28. 3: Decolonization in a Cold War Climate__**


 * __Vocab:__**

38th parallel SEATO Viet Minh 17th parallel Israel Gamal Abdel Nassar Mau Mau Front for National Liberation Bandung Convention

1. After periods of utter chaos and destruction, generally, what trends are recurring? Support with examples. 2. Define the term “West”. 3. What is existentialism? Who were its two leading proponents? 4. Who is Franz Fanon and for what is he known? 5. Consider the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement in the U.S. with leaders like Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr. Who would be their influence? 6. Describe the rise of “young men…rough roaming gangs”. What accounts for their emergence? 7. How were expectations of men and women changing at this time? Give examples. 8. Define consumerism. 9. Describe how radio was an important element in the playing out of the Cold War. 10. Compare abstract expressionism with neorealism. 11. Describe the Bay of Pigs invasion. What was the purpose of the invasion? What was the result? 12. Identify the **Cuban Missile Crisis**.
 * __28. 4: Cultural Life on the Brink of Nuclear War__**


 * __Vocab:__**

Simone de Beauvoir Pan Africanism NAACP Civil Rights Movement Civil disobedience Watson and Crick (DNA) The Voice of America Americanization John F. Kennedy (JFK) Fidel Castro Berlin Wall Cuban Missile Crisis

= = = = =**__ Chapter 27: An Age of Catastrophes __**=

1. What were the major factors that led to the Great Depression? 2. What factors contributed to the globalization of the Great Depression? 3. Describe the complex nature of how society was affected by the Great Depression. 4. In what ways were gender roles reversed? How did this lead to even more social tension? 5. What further increased the economic woes of its citizens, specifically its parents? 6. How did this global economic crisis impact the colonies of the major powers? 7. What new political figures emerged in the colonies as a result? Be sure to include where they are from and how they were able to be effective in their resistance.
 * __27.1: The Great Depression__**
 * __27.1 Vocabulary__**

Civil disobedience Mohandas Gandhi Mustafa Kemal Polygamy Iran Ho Chi Minh Indochinese Communist Party

1. Define totalitarianism. Who became associated with totalitarianism in the 1930’s and why? 2. Identify Stalin’s **Five-Year plans**. How did it impact the USSR? 3. What methods did Stalin use to transform soviet society and consolidate his power? 4. Why was Hitler so appealing? 5. How did he rise to the position of chancellor in 1933? 6. What policies and tactics emerged to develop a formidable Nazi state? 7. Why were Hitler’s new economic and social programs so crucial to Nazi success? What did they include? 8. Give examples in which the concept of eugenics has clearly influenced Hitler and his policies. 9. What did Hitler blame the Jews for? 10. What groups of people were considered “outcasts” by the Nazi regime? 11. Why was the Nazi policy on Jews helpful to the state? 12. Consider how Mussolini, Stalin, and Hitler are similar. Different. Kulaks
 * __27.2 Questions: Totalitarian Triumph__**
 * __27.2-Vocab__**

Purges The Gulag Alfred Hugenburg Nazi Party Enabling Act Heinrich Himmler The Gestapo Concentration camp Bloody Night of the Long Knives Third Reich Pump priming //Aryan// Hitler Youth Nuremburg Laws T4 Project //Kristallnacht//

1. Describe the steps taken by FDR to solve the social and economic crises in the US. Consider just how different his approach was to that of Hitler’s, Stalin’s, and Mussolini’s. 2. How did Sweden turn around its economy? How were its social welfare programs received? 3. Why did Britain not //effectively// reform until 1933? What steps had been taken previously? 4. Identify the **Popular Front** 5. What were the trends in central and Eastern Europe in this period? 6. “While writers rekindled moral concerns, scientists in research institutes and universities continue to point out limits to human understanding”. Give examples concerning this trend. How were they received? 7. How did religious leaders respond to the rising tide of fascism?
 * __27.3: Democracies on the Defense__**

1. Why did the major European powers encourage Jewish emigration to Palestine? How did the Arabs respond? 2. What were the goals of Japan’s military leaders? Were they successful? 3. What was the significance of Japan’s invasion of Manchuria? Their continued aggression on China? 4. How did the League of Nations respond? 5. After the “Rape of Nanking”, what nation finally responded? How? 6. What was the importance of Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia? 7. Identify the **Spanish Civil War**. 8. Why were General Francisco Franco’s men able to defeat the Spanish republicans? 9. What was the significance of the assault on Guernica? 10. Why were the Austrians welcoming of the German //Anschluss//? 11. What was Hitler’s “reasoning” for entering Czechoslovakia? 12. Identify the **Munich Conference** 13. What was so surprising about the 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact? What were the terms? 14. Why was this an important pact for both Hitler and Stalin? 15. Between 1931 and 1939, Japan, Germany, and Italy took bold steps in empire expansion and aggression. Create a chart showing these actions.
 * __27. 4: The Road to Global War__**
 * __27.4: The Road to Global War Vocabulary__**

pan-Arabism Emperor Hirohito Manchuria Rape of Nanking Lebensraum Rome-Berlin Axis Francisco Franco Anschluss Ostmark Sudetenland Neville Chamberlain Appeasement Munich Conference/ Munich Pact Nazi-Soviet Pact


 * 27.5: World War II, 1939-1945**
 * 1) When and how did the Second World War begin?
 * 2) What was the overall result of the German invasion of Poland?
 * 3) Describe the “miracle at Dunkirk”.
 * 4) Identify the **Battle of Britain**
 * 5) Identify **Operation Barbarossa**
 * 6) Germany was initially successful. “Amid success, however, Hitler blundered”. Explain.
 * 7) War in Europe intensified competition between the U.S. and Japan. In 1941, Japan took steps to “settle matters with the West once and for all”. How would they go about doing this?
 * 8) What response did the Japanese provoke from the U.S? How did Hitler and Mussolini react?
 * 9) For what reasons did the Allies have a distinct advantage over the Axis powers?
 * 10) Why were civilians killed on a much larger scale than soldiers during this war? Give examples.
 * 11) In what ways did governments mobilize their citizens for the war effort?
 * 12) In what ways did civilians resist their oppressors?
 * 13) Allied forces started tightening their grip on the Axis powers in mid-1942. What events unfolded in Europe to allow this to happen?
 * 14) Identify the **Battle of Stalingrad**
 * 15) Identify the **Battle of Midway**
 * 16) Identify **D-Day** (aka Operation OVERLORD)
 * 17) For what reasons did the U.S. decide to drop the atomic bomb on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki? After the war, why would the U.S. and the USSR teeter on the brink of another war?
 * 18) What major agreements would be responsible for the fate of post-WWII “peace”?
 * 19) Compare the death toll of WWII to that of WWI? What accounts for this difference?
 * 20) In what ways was George Orwell’s //1984// a grim depiction of post WWII life?
 * __27.5 Vocabulary: WWII, 1939-1945__**

Blitzkrieg Vichy Government Winston Churchill- Luftwaffe Pearl Harbor Grand Alliance Charles de Gaulle Allies Axis Powers ghettos Final Solution rations internment camps Erwin Rommel Dwight D. Eisenhower Atomic bomb Atlantic Charter "Big Three" Yalta United Nations Potsdam

=**__Chapter 26: War, Revolution, and Reconstruction (1914-1929__**= 1. Why would WWI be nicknamed “The Great War”?  2. What was the impact of WWI?  3. Characterize life after the war, specifically during the Roaring Twenties.  4. List the two new political systems that were formed after the war.  5. What type of political atmosphere was ushered in? ||   || 1. From what systems of alliances did the Central Powers and Allied Powers emerge?  2. Why did Italy and Japan join the Allies? Ottoman Empire to the Central Powers?  3. In all, what were the major European powers hoping to gain from fighting this war?  4. What role did imperialism play during WWI?  5. Why did the Russians refer to themselves as “the Russian steam-roller”?  6. Why did the Germans resort to a massive u-boat campaign in the waters surrounding Great Britain and France?  7. Identify the **//Lusitania//**  8. Identify **trench warfare** (read //Lualdi//, 186-189) 9. What impact would warfare have on the soldiers? Different experience for colonized soldiers? 10. For the most part, how would many describe the political climate? 11. List the ways in which governments would mobilize the people for the war effort. 12. How did the role of the woman change during the war? 13. What did many men fear? 14. Describe some of the negative aspects of civilian life during WWI. || · cult of the offensive · Schlieffen Plan · Battle of the Marne · Battle of Jutland · Battle of Verdun · Battle of the Somme · stalemate · total war || 1. When and why did the Germans resume unrestricted submarine (u-boat) warfare and what reaction did it provoke? 2. For what reasons would the U.S. join the war on the sides of the Allies *** NOTES** · war communism · Cheka · Third International, or Comintern · armistice || · war guilt clause (aka- Article 231) · mandate system · Treaty of Rapallo (1922   · The Dawes Plan (1924)    · Young Plan (1929  ||
 * ** Questions ** || ** terms to define ** ||
 * **__ Introduction: __**
 * **__ 26.1: The Great War, 1914-1918 __**
 * **__ 26.2: Protest, Revolution, and War’s End (1917-1918) __**
 * 3. What impact did the war have on Russia? **
 * 4. What would bring the Romanov dynasty to an abrupt end? **
 * 5. Describe Russia’s Provisional Government and with whom did it compete? **
 * 6. What did the Germans do in hopes of further destabilizing Russia? **
 * 7. Identify the **April Theses**.**
 * 8. What became the slogan for the soviets? **
 * 9. Identify the **Bolshevik Revolution
 * 10. Identify the **Treaty of Brest-Litovsk**. Impact?**
 * 11. In Russia, a full-fledged civil war broke out. What forces made up the two sides? What groups of people supported them? **
 * 12. What would undermine the promise of Marxism? **
 * 13. What was created as a result of “the brutal way the Bolsheviks came to power”? **
 * 14. What impact did tanks and airplanes have on the war? **
 * 15. How would the German military deflect blame for the German failure? **
 * 16. What were the effects of the war: dead/injured, industrial production, global population, moral questions, etc? ** || · Leon Trotsky
 * __ 26.3: The Search for Peace in an Era of Revolution __**
 * 1) Why was Germany politically unstable?
 * 2) How did socialist Democratic leader Friedrich Ebert lead Germany once he came to power?
 * 3) Identify the **Paris Peace Conference**
 * 4) Identify U.S. President Woodrow Wilson’s **Fourteen Points**. Why was he “committed to //settlement// as opposed to //surrender//”?
 * 5) Identify the **Peace of Paris**.
 * 6) Identify the **Treaty of Versailles**.
 * 7) Identify the **League of Nations**.
 * 8) Why did the U.S. Senate fail to ratify the peace settlement and refuse to join the League of Nations?
 * 9) What were the two “intertwined issues” Western leaders worried about in the aftermath of the war? Why?
 * 10) What were the aims of the Washington Conference (1921) and the Treaty of Locarno (1925)?
 * 11) What was the purpose of the formation of the Little Entente? Who was involved?
 * 12) What did the Kellogg-Briand Pact stipulate? Who is involved? ||  · Weimar Republic

= = = = =**__ Chapter 25: Modernity and the Road to War, 1890-1914 __**=

1. Identify modernity ||  || 1. For what reasons did family life flourish? 2. What led to increasing social tensions? 3. What were the benefits and challenges that the sharp increase in population caused as the 20th c. opened? 4. What did eugenicists favor? 5. In what ways did a woman’s role vary across the continent? 6. Who is **Friedrich Nietzsche**? 7. Describe the new field of sexology. 8. Who is **Havelock Ellis**? 9. Who is Max Nordau? 10. For what reasons did new studies of criminology, behavior science, etc. emerge? 11. Who is Ivan Pavlov? 12. Identify **Sigmund Freud** and **psychoanalysis**? || · Eugenics · new woman · third sex || 1. Identify **Modernism** 2. What role did positivism play in the late 19th c.? 3. What beliefs came to replace positivism? 4. Who is **Max Weber**? What did he foresee? 5. Describe Nietzsche’s distinction between the “Apollonian” side of human existence and the “Dionysian” side. 6. What was so significant about Nietzsche’s claim that “God is dead, we have killed him?” 7. List the discoveries that shook the foundations of traditional scientific certainty? 8. What was the importance of **Albert Einstein’s** work? 9. List the new and competing artistic forms and their respective artists. 10. In what ways did art serve as political criticism? || · paradigm shift · art nouveau || 1. What was challenging the liberal status quo? 2. What issue was on the minds of those within the Second International? 3. Identify **V.I. Lenin**. 4. What restrictions did women, as a whole, deal with on a daily basis? 5. What was the impact of Bertha von Suttner’s //Lay Down Your Arms//? 6. Generally, who worked for women’s suffrage? 7. Where (what nation) and in what year were women granted the right to vote? 8. Identify **Emmeline Pankhurst**. 9. In 1905, the British Liberal Party won a solid majority in the House of Commons. What legislation did they enact in order to gain the support of the working-class? 10. How was the **Irish Question** handled during the late 1890s both from the Irish and British perspectives? 11. What kept Parliament from enacting the legislation that //finally// approved home rule for Ireland in 1913? 12. What problems plagued Italy following unification? 13. What steps were taken to aid in fostering a national consensus in Italy in the 1890s? 14. Who is **Giovanni Giolitti**? 15. In the decades leading up to WWI, what tactic was used by politicians to attract support and win elections? 16. How well was this tactic received? 17. Identify the **Dreyfus Affair**, include **Emile Zola** and **//J’accuse//** 18. Identify **Magyarization**. What were the implications? 19. Who is **Karl Lueger**? Describe his “politics of the irrational?” 20. List the various ways Jews responded to growing repression and anti-liberal politics? Include identifications of **Leon Pinsker**, **Palestine**, **Theodor Herzl**, and **Zionism** || · revisionism · Bolsheviks · Mensheviks · Syndicalists · Suffrage/ suffragettes || 1. Serious questions about imperialism emerged in the early 1900s. Why? 2. Identify the **Boer War**, Cecil Rhodes’ role, and the war’s consequences. 3. Why were people across Europe shocked at the events of the Boer War? 4. The U.S. became involved in European imperialism during this time. Explain. 5. What had been the U.S.’s experience in expansion prior to the early 1900s? 6. What regions interested Italy? 7. How did Japan come to emerge as a major imperial power? 8. What was the impact of this emergence on Europe? 9. //Briefly// describe the **Sino-Japanese War** and **Russo-Japanese** **War** (include results) 10. Leading up to the Revolution of 1905, what problems had been plaguing Russia? 11. Identify the **Russian Revolution of 1905** (aka-“Bloody Sunday”) 12. What took place across Russia in the aftermath of the Revolution? 13. How did tsar Nicholas II respond? (**October Manifesto**) 14. Ultimately, what would be the most profound effect of the Russian Revolution of 1905? 15. What was the catalyst behind national-minded subjects’ protest of European imperialism? 16. Identify the **Boxer Rebellion** of 1900. 17. What happened to the Qing Dynasty? 18. Identify **Sun Yat-Sen**. 19. Who is **B.G. Tilak** and what did he promote? 20. How did sultan Abdul Hamid II try to piece the Ottoman Empire back together? Result? 21. Identify the **Young Turks**. 22. What was becoming of imperialism in the years leading up to WWI? || · soviet || 1. Briefly describe the **Fashoda Incident** and its result. 2. What was the main difference between Otto von Bismarck and Kaiser William II? 3. Describe the **First** (1905) and **Second** (1911) **Moroccan Crisis**. 4. What impact did the idea of Mitteleuropa have on Russia and the ethnic minorities in the Balkan region? 5. Describe the **First Balkan War** (1912). 6. Describe the **Second Balkan War** (1913) 7. The Balkan region at this time was referred to as “the powder keg”. Based on the results of these conflicts, assess the validity of this description. 8. What did nations do to “prepare for war”? 9. What would be the impact of Alfred Nobel’s dynamite patent? 10. List some of the breakthroughs in weaponry. Impact* 15. How did a conflict between Austria and Serbia turn into World War I? 16. Assess the validity of this statement: The alliance system was created to keep nations from going to war. || · Entente Cordiale · Mitteleuropa · arms race · Gavrilo Princip · ultimatum ||
 * **Questions** || **terms to define** ||
 * **__Introduction:__**
 * **__25.1: Private Life in the Modern Age__**
 * **__25.2: Modernity and the Revolt in Ideas__**
 * **__25.3: Growing Tensions in Mass Politics__**
 * **__25.4: European Imperialism Contested__**
 * **__25.5: Roads to War__**
 * 11. What motivated the British to ally with France and the Entente Cordiale **
 * 12. What event “sparked” the outbreak of WWI? **
 * 13. Describe the ultimatum given by Austria to the Serbian government. **
 * 14. Describe the “ **blank check**” Germany issued to Austria.

=**__ Chapter 24: __****__ Industry, Empire, and Everyday Life, 1870-1890 __**= = = = = =**__ Chapter 23: Politics and Culture of the Nation-State, c.1850-1870 __**=
 * **Questions** || **terms to define** ||
 * **__Introduction:__**
 * 1) 1. For what reasons did people migrate, temporarily and permanently, in the later years of the nineteenth century?
 * 2) 2. Why have historians labeled the decades from 1870 to 1890 an “era of industry and empire in the West”? ||   ||
 * **__24.1:The Advance of industry__**
 * 1) 1. What three things would characterize nineteenth century Europe?
 * 2) 2. Give examples of revolutionary technologies in the late 1800s.
 * 3) 3. //Briefly// compare the “first” and “second” Industrial Revolutions.
 * 4) 4. In what ways did industrial innovations transform agriculture?
 * 5) 5. What two countries surpassed Great Britain in terms of research, technical education, innovation, and rate of growth?
 * 6) 6. What was important about Alsace-Lorraine? Who controlled this region? //***important for WWI & II**//
 * 7) **7. In what ways was Germany becoming a very powerful nation-state?**
 * 8) **8. What three nations would be involved in industrial competition?**
 * 9) **9. What was Russia’s industrial growth so delayed? What would help them to become a formidable industrial and military power?**
 * 10) **10. Describe the crisis of 1873 and its impact.**
 * 11) **11. What was the difference between the economic cycles of the 1850s (and prior) and the cycles of the 1870s?**
 * 12) **12. What were the fundamental problems that faced entrepreneurs brought about by advancements in industry?**
 * 13) **13. What is a limited liability corporation, or LLC.? Impact?**
 * 14) **14. What was the purpose of the stock market?**
 * 15) **15. What is a trust? Cartel?**
 * 16) **16. What is the difference between vertical consolidation and horizontal consolidation?** *in class
 * 17) 17. What are tariffs? Why did countries have to rely on their use?
 * 18) 18. Describe the “white collar” service sector.
 * 19) 19. Why were women, both married and unmarried, forced to enter the work force?
 * 20) 20. How were the paid?
 * 21) 21. Identify the **department store**.
 * 22) 22. How was consumerism shaped by imperialism? || * Outwork
 * capital-intensive industry ||
 * **__24.2:The New Imperialism__**
 * 1) 1. Identify **imperialism**.
 * 2) 2. What was so “new” about the new imperialism?
 * 3) 3. What was the importance of Egypt in this new system? Who was interested in it?
 * 4) 4. Ultimately, who would gain control of Egypt?
 * 5) 5. What practices “planted the seeds for anti-colonial movements” that would emerge in the future?
 * 6) 6. What had the relationship between the Europeans and Africans been focused on? After the British seized control of the Egyptian government, generally speaking, how would the Euro-African relationship change?
 * 7) 7. Specifically, what regions in Africa were the British targeting? Why?
 * 8) 8. What regions did each of these countries take hold of in Africa: Belgium, Germany, Great Britain, France?
 * 9) 9. Identify the **Berlin Conference** (do not confuse w/ Berlin Congress)
 * 10) 10. What things “dramatically expanded and facilitated Western domination”? Give two specific examples that helped the Europeans come to dominate the Africans?
 * 11) 11. Who is Cecil Rhodes.
 * 12) 12. With this new imperialism, for what did Darwinism become a justification?
 * 13) 13. How did Europeans view Africans in comparison to the Chinese and Indians?
 * 14) 14. Describe the Indian National Congress. For what reasons would it emerge?
 * 15) 15. What regions were absorbed by Russia? France?
 * 16) 16. In what ways did Europeans believe that their expansion into Asia and Africa was a “civilizing mission”?
 * 17) 17. How did Japan “escape the new European imperialism”?
 * 18) 18. In what ways would the Japanese endorse/welcome Western-style modernization?
 * 19) 19. How was Japan able to become such a powerful force by 1894? What steps did the nation take to get there?
 * 20) 20. Imperialism was supposed to “stabilize great-power status”. In reality, what did it fuel?
 * 21) 21. Imperialism was supposed to bring in great wealth to the nations who were the colonizers. In reality, why did it cost them money?
 * 22) 22. Aside from taking advantage of the local resources unavailable in the colonizers’ own countries, what were the goals – unattainable or not – of imperialism?
 * 23) 23. What role did religion play in imperialism? View of the natives?
 * 24) 24. List the last great paradox of imperialism mentioned in the text. || * Boer ||
 * **__24.3: The Transformation of Culture and Society__**
 * 1) 1. Describe the “best” circles.
 * 2) 2. Describe how Social Darwinism plays a role among those in the best circles. (Read //Gospel of Wealth//)
 * 3) 3. What was the importance of dominating past times and foreign games for Europeans?
 * 4) 4. //Review// the ideas of marriage and courtship among the best circles at the time.
 * 5) 5. //Review// the characteristics of middle-class life.
 * 6) 6. What role did organized sports possess in national pride and standing?
 * 7) 7. What became the purpose of sports for women? In what events did they participate?
 * 8) 8. What were influential factors in migration? Explain.
 * 9) 9. For what other reasons would people leave their native countries? What determined their ultimate destination?
 * 10) 10. What challenges did immigrants face once settled in a new country?
 * 11) 11. In addition to movement from country to country, in what other ways did people “move”? Why?
 * 12) 12. What challenges emerged for both the worker and employer with the progression of industry? Benefits?
 * 13) 13. Identify the **Fabian Society**. Why did societies such as these appear during this time?
 * 14) 14. What idea fueled the efforts of the government and philanthropic individuals/groups to intervene in the lives of the working class?
 * 15) 15. In what ways did they intervene? Advantages? Disadvantages?
 * 16) 16. What beliefs fueled the advent and availability of birth control?
 * 17) 17. What debates emerged with the promotion of birth control?
 * 18) 18. What beliefs drove a wedge between “jobs for men” and “jobs for women”? Were they unfounded?
 * 19) 19. Identify **Emile Zola**.
 * 20) 20. What was so shocking about the character Nora in //A Doll’s House//? Who wrote it?
 * 21) 21. By the 1870s, what posed a real threat to painters? Why?
 * 22) 22. How did painters respond to this challenge?
 * 23) 23. Who were the leading artists during this time, and for what were they known? || * Pogram
 * Impressionism ||
 * **__24.4: The Birth of Mass Politics__**
 * 1) 1. Through what methods did workers pressure governments and businesses for better working conditions and more voice?
 * 2) 2. What were the workers’ goals?
 * 3) 3. How did employers respond to their methods and demands?
 * 4) 4. What new political parties “engaged the masses in political life by addressing working-class issues”?
 * 5) 5. What theories inspired the emergence of these new parties?
 * 6) 6. What country was home to the largest socialist party in Europe after 1890?
 * 7) 7. Why did socialist parties appeal to so many?
 * 8) 8. Identify the **Second International**.
 * 9) 9. Why did anarchists promote the use of violence as a means of change?
 * 10) 10. What was a woman’s role in these parties? Why?
 * 11) 11. How were newspapers an important nationalizing catalyst?
 * 12) 12. What strategies were used to sell papers?
 * 13) 13. For what would William Gladstone be known?
 * 14) 14. In what ways had Britain’s political participation expand between 1832 and 1884? Explain.
 * 15) 15. How were the people of Ireland affected by this expansion?
 * 16) 16. Define absentee landlord (use a dictionary) and describe what practices they were notorious for.
 * 17) 17. Who is Charles Stewart Parnell and what did he suggest to the members of the British Parliament on behalf of Ireland?
 * 18) 18. Who supported Parnell? Opposed?
 * 19) 19. Identify France’s **Third Republic**.
 * 20) 20. //Briefly// describe the Boulanger Affair.
 * 21) 21. What countries shied away from liberalism during this period? What forces remained powerful in those countries?
 * 22) 22. How had Bismarck disrupted the European balance of power?
 * 23) 23. For what reason would Bismarck forge the Three Emperor’s League? Who would be involved?
 * 24) 24. Domestically, what actions were taken by Bismarck to create a more stable Germany?
 * 25) 25. In what ways was Austria-Hungary an authoritarian Empire?
 * 26) 26. Again, who was the greatest protector of the Slavs? Why did Francis Joseph fear that nation?
 * 27) 27. Why were the Balkans an area of such importance to Europeans?
 * 28) 28. Identify the **Russo-Turkish War** and the resulting **Treaty of San Stefano**.
 * 29) 29. Identify the **Congress of Berlin**.
 * 30) 30. Describe the Dual Alliance and what will become the Triple Alliance.
 * 31) 31. Russia was one of the only European countries without a constitution. What problems emerged as a result?
 * 32) 32. What did writers Tolstoy and Dostoevsky have to say about matters in Russia? List their famous works.
 * 33) 33. How would Alexander III come to power in Russia? As a result of how he came to power, what policies were implemented?
 * 34) 34. Describe the Pale of Settlement.
 * 35) 35. With the ascension of Kaiser William II to the German throne in 1888, what changes occurred? ***foreshadows events that will lead to WWI. || * new unionism
 * jingoism ||

What has happened to chapter 23? Looks like people have rearranged it? Use the one on edline if you want to print it.
 * **Questions** || **terms to define** ||
 * **__Introduction:__**
 * 1) 1. What were the three meanings of the word Verdi graffitied on walls in Italy in the years after 1848?
 * 2) 2. Who were the two men associated with using realpolitik for the purpose of unification? || # Realpolitik
 * 3) Victor Emmanuel II ||
 * **__23.1: The End of the Concert of Europe__**
 * 1) 1. What had weakened the concert of Europe? Why?
 * 2) 2. **Napoleon III and the Quest for French Glory:** How did Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, or **Napoleon III** act as “Europe’s schoolmaster”?
 * 3) 3. In what ways was he a “modernizer”?
 * 4) 4. What were Napoleon III’s foreign goals? Results?
 * 5) 5. What were the three wars of Napoleon III?
 * 6) 6. What would happen to Napoleon III?
 * 7) 7. **The Crimean War, 1853-1856: Turning Point in European Affairs:** The **Crimean War** began as a war between what two countries? Why?
 * 8) 8. What was Napoleon III’s role?
 * 9) 9. Explain how other nations quickly got sucked in to this conflict.
 * 10) 10. What brought an end to the loose Russian-Austrian coalition?
 * 11) 11. Ultimately, how many men would lose their lives? Why?
 * 12) 12. What new technologies were introduced and used during this war?
 * 13) 13. Why does Hunt call this a “Turning Point” in European affairs (last paragraph of the section)?
 * 14) 14. **Spirit of Reform in Russia:** What was the impact on Russia of defeat in the Crimean War?
 * 15) 15. What would spark the emancipation of Russian serfs?
 * 16) 16. What else was changed during the **“age of Great Reforms”**?
 * 17) 17. How did the nobility react to these changes?
 * 18) 18. What aspects of Russian society delayed its development compared to the rest of Europe? || * Bonapartism-
 * Sick man of Europe (1850s)
 * Crimean War (1853-1856)
 * Peace of Paris of 1856
 * Florence Nightingale- Was a battlefield nurse for the British. Escaped being a typical middle-class woman by doing this. Orgainzed battelfield nursing service. Helped improve sanitary conditions of the troops during and after the war. Pioneered nursing as a profession. This let women have more choices to chose from for careers and be more independent. (Leah Avni)
 * Mir
 * Zemstvos
 * Nihilists
 * Russification ||
 * **__23.2: War and Nation Building__**
 * 1) 1. What was the impact of the weakening of the Concert of Europe on Germany and Italy?
 * 2) 2. **Cavour, Garibaldi, and the Process of Italian Unification:** What region would be the leader of the Risorgimento of Italy? Why? What power would they have to confront?
 * 3) 3. By what means did Cavour expect Italy to unite?
 * 4) 4. From whom did Cavour seek help? What were the conditions of this agreement?
 * 5) 5. Why do you think Garibaldi submitted to King Victor Emmanuel?
 * 6) 6. In what year would Italy unify?
 * 7) 7. What were the challenges facing this newly unified Italy?
 * 8) 8. **Bismarck and the Realpolitik of German unification:** When would Germany emerge as a unified nation?
 * 9) 9. For what reasons did **William I** appoint Bismarck to the position of prime minister? What did Bismarck do to achieve William I’s goals?
 * 10) 10. Describe the **Prussian wars of unification**: || **War vs. Denmark** || **The Seven Weeks’ War (Austria)** || **Franco-Prussian War** ||
 * Year: || Year: || Year: ||
 * Cause: || Cause: || Cause: ||
 * Effect: || Effect || Effect: ||


 * 1) 11. How did Bismarck use realpolitik/war to ensure Prussia would be the leader of German unification? (same as question 10)
 * 2) 12. How did Bismarck use realpolitik/war to unify northern and southern Germany? (same as question 10)
 * 3) 13. How did Rome become part of Italy?
 * 4) 14. What type of government would Germany represent under Bismarck?
 * 5) 15. **Francis Joseph and the Creation of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy:** Why was the Habsburg Empire and the absolutist emperor Francis Joseph unable to modernize as quickly as Bismarck was in Prussia?
 * 6) 16. What part of the Austrian empire was the key to its stability and, even more important, its existence?
 * 7) 17. How would the Dual Monarchy emerge?
 * 8) 18. What was the impact of the Dual Monarchy on the power of the Austro-Hungarian Empire? What was the impact on other ethnic minorities in the empire?
 * 9) 19. **Political Stability through Gradual Reform in Great Britain:** What was different about **Queen Victoria** and Prince Albert of Britain?
 * 10) 20. Describe the party system in Britain. Be sure to include definitions of the **Whig** and **Tory** parties.
 * 11) 21. Give an example of realpolitik in Victorian England:
 * 12) 22. **Civil War and Nation Building in the United States and Canada:** What characterized the nation-building experience in North America?
 * 13) 23. What impact did the U.S.’s war with Mexico have on the nation?
 * 14) 24. From 1861 to 1865, what factions faced each other in the American Civil War?
 * * nation-states
 * Risorgimento
 * Count Camillo di Cavour
 * Giuseppe Garibaldi
 * Garibaldi’s red shirts
 * Otto von Bismarck
 * Bismarck’s iron and blood quote
 * Ems telegram
 * Kaiser William of Prussia
 * Bundesrat
 * Reichstag
 * Francis Joseph, Jr.
 * Magyars
 * Dual Monarchy
 * **Pan-Slavism**. ***What is its impact on Russia?** *foreshadowing-WWI
 * Benjamin Disraeli
 * Second Reform Bill
 * //Victorian//
 * US War with Mexico, 1848 ||
 * **__23.3: Establishing Social Order__**
 * 1) 1. If nation-building brought war and disruption to every-day life, how did governments “forge internal security?”
 * 2) 2. **Bringing Order to the Cities:** Why did rulers reconstruct their capital cities? What kinds of things did they do to reconstruct their capitals?
 * 3) 3. What impact did the refurbishing of cities have on the ordinary citizen?
 * 4) 4. Why did sanitization become a priority for governments? What was done about it? Give two specific examples of changes made by specific countries/cities.
 * 5) 5. **Expanding the Reach of Bureaucracy:** What was the purpose of a census?
 * 6) 6. What was the intended impact on government decision making of the new statistics and empirical knowledge?
 * 7) 7. **Schooling and Professionalizing Society:** What was the impact of the new statistics and empirical knowledge on certain professions?
 * 8) 8. Why was there such an emphasis on education at this time? What changes had to be made?
 * 9) 9. What challenges existed for educational reformers?
 * 10) 10. What were the educational opportunities for women in the late 1800s?
 * 11) 11. **Spreading Western Order beyond the West:** In what ways did Great Britain, France, and Russia revise their colonial policies after 1850?
 * 12) 12. Who became the most potent colonist at this time?
 * 13) 13. || **Indian Rebellion** || **Jhansi Revolt** ||
 * When: || When: ||
 * Where: || Where: ||
 * Who: || Who: ||
 * Why: || Why: ||
 * Result: || Result: ||


 * 1) 14. What regions did the French colonize?
 * 2) 15. What improvements did the French bring to the areas they colonized? ***foreshadowing Vietnam War**
 * 3) **16. Strategic commercial and military advantages remained an important motivation for some European overseas ventures. In what way would the building of the** Suez Canal **be an example of this?**
 * 4) **17. What, at times, made colonization a positive thing to the native peoples?**
 * 5) **18. What characteristic of Chinese society allowed for it to escape total takeover?**
 * 6) **19. What led to the weakening of the Qing Empire?**
 * 7) **20. Why did civil war break out in China? Results?**
 * 8) **21. Identify the** Meji Restoration**.** *foreshadowing WWII


 * * Haussmannization
 * Louis Pasteur
 * Joseph Lister
 * Civil Service Law, 1870 (Britian)
 * East India Company
 * Taiping ||
 * **__23.4: The Culture of Social Order__**
 * 1) 1. What led to the emergence of the literary and artistic style of **realism?**
 * 2) 2. **The Arts Confront Social Reality:** What did the novels of Charles Dickens and George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) reveal?
 * 3) 3. Describe Ivan Turgenev’s //Fathers and Sons// and Fyodor Dostoevsky’s //Crime and Punishments// and their impact on Russian society.
 * 4) 4. How did painting change after 1848?
 * 5) 5. What was the significance of Eduard Manet’s work?
 * 6) 6. What was the importance of Wagner?
 * 7) 7. In what ways did art become so important between 1850 and 1870?
 * 8) 8. **Religion and Secular Order:** What was the debate about religion and nation-building?
 * 9) 9. In what ways did the Catholic Church react to the tide of growing nationalism?
 * 10) 10. Describe the social composition of church-going peoples.
 * 11) 11. The **Challenge from Natural Science:** What was the purpose of Charles Darwin’s //On the Origin of the Species//? What was the impact?
 * 12) 12. How did Darwin challenge Enlightenment ideas?
 * 13) 13. What belief about men and women emerged at this time?
 * 14) **14.** **From Natural Science to Social Science:** What were the social science theories of the late 1800s about how society functioned? || * Realism
 * //Madame Bovary// (1857), by Gustave Flaubert
 * Ivan Turgenev’s //Fathers and Sons// (1862)
 * Fyodor Dostoevsky’s //Crime and Punishment// (1866)
 * //Kulturkampf//
 * Social Darwinism
 * Positivism
 * Auguste Comte
 * John Stuart Mill, //On Liberty// (1859) ||
 * **__23.5: Contesting the Growing Power of the Nation-State__**
 * 1) 1. From the 1870s on, what two phenomena renewed fear among the middle classes that both the nation-state and social order might be violently destroyed?
 * 2) 2. **The Rise of Marxism:** Describe “horizontal allegiances”.
 * 3) 3. **The Paris Commune versus the French State:** For what reasons would strikes break out in the late 1860s?
 * 4) 4. What events led the people of Paris to declare themselves a self governing commune on March 28, 1871? (**Paris Commune**)?
 * 5) 5. How did the brief French civil war end? What were keys to restoring order? || * Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and mutualists
 * Mikhail Bakhunin and anarchism
 * Karl Marx
 * Marxism
 * Proletariat
 * Paris Commune ||

= = = = =**__ Chapter 22: Industrialization, Urbanization, and Revolution __**= = = = =
 * **Questions** || **Important terms, people, etc. to define** ||
 * **__Intro:__**
 * 1) 1. What is Hunt’s purpose in introducing the problem of Cholera at the start of this chapter (connect it to the topic of industrialization and urbanization) || * Cholera ||
 * **__Section 22.1: The Advance of Industrialization and Urbanization__**
 * 1) **1.** **Engines of Change:**How did railroad building spur the development of:
 * 2) a. Industrial development in Britain, India, the US, Belgium, France, and Germany
 * 3) b. Government power
 * 4) 2. Why was eastern Europe slower to industrialize than the west?
 * 5) 3. Why were so few people actually employed full time in industrial jobs?
 * 6) a. Describe conditions for working class people.
 * 7) 4. **Urbanization and its Consequences:** How much of the population actually lived in cities and what accounted for the growth of urban populations?
 * 8) 5. Summarize Urban conditions.
 * 9) 6. What new fears arose among the middle class during the period of industrialization?
 * 10) 7. **Agricultural Perils and Prosperity:** What “perils” and “prosperity” developed as a result of industrialization and urbanization? || * Factory Act of 1833
 * Mines Act of 1842 ||
 * ** Group terms: share these terms in our class wikispace page ** || * ||
 * **__Section 22.2: Reforming the Social Order__**
 * 1) 1. What was the debate about women’s role in reforming the social order?
 * 2) 2. **Cultural Responses to the Social Question:** What were Romantic concerns about Industrial life?
 * 3) 3. How did novels depict social conditions **–** give one or two specific examples.
 * 4) 4. Why did culture (museums, theaters, literature) “explode” as a result of industrialization?
 * 5) **5.** **The Varieties of Social Reform:**
 * 6) 6. Explain the religious efforts at reforming social conditions.
 * 7) 7. Explain educational efforts at reforming social conditions.
 * 8) 8. Who supported the notion of “domesticity” and who did not – what were their arguments?
 * 9) **9.** **Abuses and Reforms Overseas:** what were the steps in the end of slavery? What do you think caused nations to abolish slavery?
 * 10) 10. Give examples of French and British imperialism. || * Social Question
 * Daguerreotype
 * Temperance movement
 * Opium War, 1839-1842 ||
 * ** Group terms: share these terms in our class wikispace page ** || * ||
 * **__Section 22.3: Ferment of Ideologies__**
 * 1) 1. **The Spell of Nationalism**: Explain and give examples of nationalism in
 * 2) a. Poland
 * 3) b. Italy
 * 4) c. Austria and Germany
 * 5) d. Russia
 * 6) e. Ireland
 * 7) 2. **Liberalism in Economics and Politics**: what did liberals of the 1800s want? Give specific examples of liberal causes found in England and Continental Europe.
 * 8) 3. **Socialism and the early labor movement:** What were the concerns of Socialists in the 1830s and 40s, why did they think liberalism was inadequate, and what did they want?
 * 9) 4. Give specific examples of
 * 10) a. socialism and women
 * 11) b. communists
 * 12) c. working-class responses
 * 13) 5. **The New Historical Imagination:** How did nationalists and political leaders use history?
 * 14) 6. How did Leopold von Ranke (1795-1886) change that view of history? || * Nationalism
 * Giuseppe Mazzini and Young Italy
 * Leopold von Ranke (1795-1886) ||
 * ** Group terms: share these terms in our class wikispace page ** || * Zollverein
 * Young Ireland movement
 * Act of Union, 1801
 * Corn Laws and Anti-Corn Law League
 * //What is Property?// by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
 * //Etienne Cabet// and communist
 * Karl Marx, Frederick Engels, //The Communist Manifesto//, 1848
 * Chartism ||
 * **__Section 22.4: The Revolutions of 1848__**
 * 1) 1. Why were Great Britain and Russia the only major powers of Europe that did not face demonstrations, uprisings, and revolutions?
 * 2) 2. Why did all the revolutions of 1848 fail?
 * 3) 3. **The Hungry Forties:** What is meant by the phrase the Hungry Forties?
 * 4) 4. How did the famines of the 1840s threaten social peace?
 * 5) 5. What was the impact of the Hungry Forties on industrial development?
 * 6) 6. **Another French Revolution:** What was the response of Louis-Philippe’s government to the revolutionary protests of Feb 22, 1848?
 * 7) 7. What actions by the Second Republic of France led to the revolution called the June Days?
 * 8) 8. After the government crushed the June Days revolution, what did the newly elected president of the Second French Republic Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte do?
 * 9) 9. **Nationalist Revolution in Italy:** According to Hunt, “class division and regional differences stood in the way of national unity” in Italy. What were the class and regional divisions? What did each class and each region want?
 * 10) **10.** **Revolt and Reaction in Central Europe:**
 * 11) a. What revolutionary events occurred in Prussia and why did they fail?
 * 12) b. How did ethnic divisions in Austria weaken both the Austrian government and attempts at revolution in 1848?
 * 13) 11. Aftermath to 1848: What was the impact of the failed revolutions of 1848?
 * 14) 12. Why does Hunt say there were not revolutions in Great Britain, the Netherlands, or Belgium?
 * 15) 13. Why did revolution seem likely to happen in Great Britain?
 * 16) 14. Why does Hunt say there was no revolution in Russia?
 * 17) 15. Why does Hunt say aristocrats were still able to maintain power in most of Europe? || * Banquet Campaign
 * February Revolution
 * Barricades
 * June Days
 * Guiseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882)
 * Frankfurt Parliament, 1848 ||
 * ** Group terms: share these terms in our class wikispace page ** || * ||

= =

= =

= = =**__ Chapter 21: Napoleon and the Revolutionary Legacy __**=
 * Complete and turn in terms for each section on the day the readings/terms are due (see edline)
 * Complete TWO terms from the group list – paste these into the class wikipage


 * **Questions** || **Important terms, people, etc. to define** ||
 * **__Intro:__**
 * 1) 1. What was the message of Mary Shelley’s //Frankenstein//?
 * 2) 2. Explain Hunt’s statement that Napoleon “ended the French Revolution even while maintaining some of its most important innovations.” (top of p. 788) ||   ||
 * **__Section 21.1: Napoleon’s Authoritarian State__**
 * 1) **1.** **From Republic to Empire, The End of the Republic:**
 * 2) a. What did the constitution of 1799 stipulate? How did Napoleon take advantage of this?
 * 3) b. How did Napoleon “reconcile to his regime Catholics who had been alienated by revolutionary policies.”
 * 4) c. In what ways did Napoleon centralize power?
 * 5) d. How did Napoleon suppress dissent?
 * 6) e. How was he named emperor?
 * 7) 2. **Imperial rule:**In what ways did Napoleon combine aristocratic and revolutionary values? In what ways did Napoleon’s own family benefit from his rule?
 * 8) 3. **The New Paternalism:** **The Civil Code:**
 * 9) a. Explain the basic ideas of the Napoleonic Code.
 * 10) b. Explain the impact of the Code on women, on education, and on employer/employee relations.
 * 11) 4. **Patronage of Science and Intellectual Life:**Was scientific advancement important to Napoleon? Literature? Explain.
 * 12) 5. In what ways did Napoleon continue the French Revolution; in what ways did he break with it? || * First Counsul
 * Plebiscite
 * Concordat, 1801
 * Bank of France
 * Legion of Honor
 * Napoleonic Civil Code ||
 * ** Group terms: share these terms in our class wikispace page ** || * //The Coronation of Napoleon and Josephine//, by David
 * Censorship (p. 790)
 * Patron-client relationship
 * Napoleon’s lycees
 * Napoleon set up lycees for boys
 * they were a state-run secondary schools in which boys wore military uniforms
 * drumroll were signified as the beginning and end of classes
 * he created these as opposed to girls lack of education because they should focus more on religion at home
 * (**ELYSE TRIPP**) ||
 * **__Section 21.2: “Europe Was at My Feet” - Napoleon’s Conquests__**
 * 1) 1. According to Hunt, why did Napoleon’s empire fail?
 * 2) **2.** **The Grand Army and its Victories, 1800-1807:**
 * 3) a. Explain what Napoleon did to reorganize the French military.
 * 4) b. What satellites did France control, what territories did it attack, what nation was its “ally”?
 * 5) **3.** **The impact of French victories, Rule in the colonized Territories:**
 * 6) a. What reforms were implemented in annexed territories (include “unification of Italy and Germany)?
 * 7) b. For what reasons did the French “intervention” provoke resistance/resentment?
 * 8) **4.** **Pressure for Reform in Prussia and Russia:**
 * 9) a. After France’s defeat of Russia in 1806, what was Frederick William III forced to do? For what reason?
 * 10) b. How did Tsar Alexander I come to power? How would he rule Russia?
 * 11) 5. The **Continental System**: Was it a success or failure?
 * 12) 6. Explain **resistance to French rule**: in Italy, in Spain.
 * 13) 7. **From Russian Winter to Final Defeat, 1812-1815:**What two countries were NOT controlled by Napoleon by 1812?
 * 14) **8.** **Invasion of Russia, 1812:**
 * 15) a. Why did Napoleon invade Russia in 1812?
 * 16) b. How many troops did Napoleon send into Russia, how many were left at the end of the retreat?
 * 17) c. What was Napoleon’s mistake here that would be repeated by Hitler during WWII?
 * 18) 9. **The End of Napoleon’s Empire:**
 * 19) a. How did the British and Russian alliance lead to Napoleon’s downfall?
 * 20) b. Who ruled France after Napoleon and what made him weak?
 * 21) c. Explain Napoleon’s escape from Alba and his final defeat. || * Grand Army
 * Treaty of Amiens, 1803
 * Battle of Trafalgar, 1805
 * Satellite
 * Annex
 * Confederation of the Rhine, 1806
 * Continental System
 * Invasion of Russia, 1812
 * Battle of Nations, 1813
 * The Hundred Days
 * Battle of Waterloo,1815 - this is a test. ||
 * ** Group terms: share these terms in our class wikispace page ** || * conscription
 * //carbonari//
 * scorched earth policy, in Russia
 * Elba
 * this is the place Napoleon got exiled to
 * island off the Italian coast
 * his wife, Marie, refused to go with him
 * French Senate deposed of him and sent him to Elba
 * **(ELYSE TRIPP)** ||
 * **__Section 21.3: The “Restoration” of Europe__**
 * 1) 1. **Congress of Vienna**: What was the main goal of the congress and the congress system?
 * 2) a. What did they do with France, the cause of all the problems?
 * 3) b. How did the Congress rearrange the territories taken over by Napoleon to “balance the competing interests of the great powers”?
 * 4) c. What new diplomatic order did this system put in place?
 * 5) 2. **Emergence of conservatism**: what does Hunt mean, “the political doctrine that justified the restoration was conservatism?”
 * 6) a. What did conservatives like Edmund Burke think was the cause of the French Revolution?
 * 7) b. What were the challenges Louis XVIII faced in restored France?
 * 8) 3. **The Revival of Religion:** What prompted many to renew their religious faith? Give examples of this. || * Concert of Europe
 * Congress of Vienna,1814-15
 * Metternich
 * Castlereagh
 * Tallyrand
 * Restoration
 * Holly Alliance
 * Conservatism ||
 * ** Group terms: share these terms in our class wikispace page ** || * Edmund Burke- original British critic of French revolution inspired many conservatives. He argued that revolutionaries made a mistake in thinking they can build a new government on reason. He said a new government will take time and gradually happen and will respect national and historical traditions. (Ilana Makover)
 * ultra royalists
 * Methodism
 * John Wesley
 * Great Awakening - This was a period of four American religious revivals, spanning from the early 18th to the late 19th centuries. The first, in 1720, led to the American Revolution and the separation of church and state. The second, in 1800, ushered in new denominations, such as Seventh-day Adventists, Latter-day Saints, Church of Christ, and Disciples of Christ; the third, in 1880, brought the Social Gospel issue, and the fourth, in 1960, led to the lowering of parishioners in Protestant churches and the rise of parishioners in Baptist churches. (**Matthew Silkin**) ||
 * **__Section 21.4: Forces for Social and Cultural Change__**
 * 1) 1. What did rapid urban growth and the spread of industry create?
 * 2) 2. Identify the Industrial Revolution.
 * 3) 3. The industrial revolution depended on factory labor. From what sources did the laborers come?
 * 4) 4. How long, generally speaking, was the work day?
 * 5) 5. Identify working class.
 * 6) 6. Identify the **Peterloo Massacre**.
 * 7) 7. What did George Stephenson invent?
 * 8) 8. What would be the impact of railroads?
 * 9) 9. What two events caused “new modes of thinking about the changes in the social and political order? Explain.
 * 10) 10. What “isms” emerged during the 1820s and 1830s?
 * 11) 11. Where do liberals sit on the political spectrum? The members of the liberal classification include…?
 * 12) 12. In what year would Great Britain finally abolish slavery in all its colonies?
 * 13) 13. Identify **Socialism**.
 * 14) 14. What two classes did socialists see society divided into?
 * 15) 15. For what is Robert Owen known?
 * 16) 16. What other men had similar views of society as Owen did?
 * 17) 17. What did Claude Henri de Saint-Simon believe about “industry”
 * 18) 18. Identify **nationalism**.
 * 19) 19. Where were nationalist aspirations especially explosive? Why?
 * 20) 20. What were the three largest national groups living there?
 * 21) 21. What nationalities make up the ethnic Slavs?
 * 22) 22. Identify the **Karlsbad (or Carlsbad) Decrees**.
 * 23) 23. Who reigned over the “congress kingdom” of Poland? How did he rule both before 1818 and after?
 * 24) 24. Who were the two leading Romantic poets?
 * 25) 25. What poem became the most beloved at this time?
 * 26) 26. What “Romantics” were associated with the darker side of romanticism? Their works?
 * 27) 27. What is romantic nationalism?
 * 28) 28. Who wrote //Ivanhoe//? || * Industrial revolution
 * Working class
 * Luddites
 * Railroads
 * Dual revolution
 * Ideology, -isms
 * Liberalism
 * Utilitarianism
 * Socialists, utopian socialists
 * Nationalism
 * Romanticism ||
 * ** Group terms: share these terms in our class wikispace page ** || * Jeremy Bentham
 * 1748-1832
 * was an English philosopher and jurist
 * he created his own brand for Liberalism which was called utilitarianism
 * he held that the best policy is the one that produces "the greatest good for the greatest number" and so it is named the most 'utilitarian', the most practical
 * he criticized against the injustices of the British parliamentary process, the abuses of the prisons and the penal code, and the educational system
 * Bentham and other British liberals wanted government involvement like the deregulation of trade but then they shied away from any associated with revolutionary violence
 * Bentham and other liberals joined the abolitionist movement
 * in his devotion for social engineering, he proposed elaborate schemes for managing the poor and model prisons that would emphasize rehabilitation through close supervision rather than corporal punishment
 * (Talia Mamann)
 * Thomas More (**ELYSE TRIPP)**
 * //Utopia//=1516
 * gave the utopian socialist movement its name
 * they believed that society would benefit all its members only if private property did not exist
 * believed that ideal communities are based on cooperation rather than competition
 * Robert Owen
 * A Welsh-born manufacturer à founded British socialism
 * Bought a cotton mill in New Lanark to set up a model factory town
 * Workers only worked 10 hours a day and kids from 5-10 went to school
 * Then went to US to do same thing in New Harmony, Indiana
 * Didn’t work well and collapsed after 3 years
 * Wrote //The Book of the New Moral World//
 * From writings and experiments, he created a movement for producer and consumer cooperatives and a national trade union
 * **SIG-** spread the cultural change of socialism into England and became a major factor for economic change **(ARI CLEMENTS)**
 * New Lanark
 * The city in Scotland where Robert Owen bought a cotton mill to prove how his idea of a more organized community will thrive greater than liberalism
 * He set up a model factory town here where the workers only worked 10 hours (7 less than the common amount) a day and the kids of ages 5-10 would go to school instead of working in the factory
 * This community thrived and really helped Owen prove how socialism would be good
 * **SIG**- was the city which helped Owen prove the greatness to his economic method **(ARI CLEMENTS)**
 * New Harmony
 * The community in Indiana, America where Robert Owen moved in the 1820s to try to imitate the successful experiment that he created in New Lanark
 * Because of internal strife, it collapsed after 3 years
 * **SIG**- though it failed, Owen was still able to successfully spread his idea of socialism, but this showed the downside to his idea **(ARI CLEMENTS)**
 * Claude Henri de Saint-Simon-(** David Ostrofsky) **
 * (1760-1825), he was an early French socialist (he was Robert Owen’s counterpart). He was a noble during American Revolution that lost fortune during French revolution. He coined “industrialism” and “industrialists”. He believed that work should be controlled by scientists, engineers, and industrialists not politicians. Wanted to make utopian communities. After he died, his followers created a semi-religion. His beliefs eventually spread to the America’s and Egypt.
 * Sig- He was a pioneer in the new thought of communal societies (Utopian socialism) that gained popularity in the 1830’s.
 * Charles Fourier (**ELYSE TRIPP)**
 * 1772-1837
 * he, and Claude Henri de Saint-Simon, were Owen's counterparts in France
 * traveled as a salesman for a Lyon cloth merchant
 * shared Owen's alarm about the effects of industrialization on social relations
 * urged the establishment of utopian communities that were part garden city and part agricultural commune
 * all jobs would be rotated to maximize happiness
 * he hoped that a network of small, decentralized communities would replace the state
 * also believed in the emancipation of women
 * Burschenschaften/Karlsbad Decrees
 * Were nationalist student societies, who were the only opposition to the new Germanic Confederation.
 * They held mass rallies during which they burned books they did not like including Napoleans Civil Code.
 * During these rallies many yelled out xenophobic or antiforeign slogans many of which casted a bad light on the French.
 * Metternich the head advisor to the Habsburg Emperor believed Burschenschaften in German provinces and Italy were linked to a larger international conspiracy. Therefore in 1820 he convince rulers to pass the Karlsbad decrees dissolving student societies and censoring the press.
 * SIG – Burschenschaften s showed how some were opposed to the new ideas of the time and the Germanic Confederation. It represented the students struggle, but eventually the state was able to overpower them and silence the rebellious voices. Isaac Kurtz
 * Lord Byron
 * British Romantic poet and satirist. Born with a clubfoot he was 10 when he inherited his title and estates.
 * Educated at Cambridge
 * At 21 he embarked on a European grand tour.
 * //Childe Harold's Pilgrimage// (1812 – 18), brought him fame, while his complex personality, and many scandalous love affairs, with women and with boys, captured the imagination of Europe. Settling near Geneva, he wrote the verse tale //The Prisoner of Chillon//, a hymn to liberty and an indictment of tyranny, and //Manfred//, a poetic drama whose hero reflected Byron's own guilt. His greatest poem, //Don Juan// is an unfinished epic satire in ottava rima. Among his numerous other works are verse tales and poetic dramas. He died of fever in Greece while aiding the struggle for independence, making him a Greek national hero. (jeremy Cleeman)
 * Painting,//Wanderer above the Sea of Fog//, Friedrich
 * 1774-1840
 * Casper David Friedrich
 * he was a German romantic painter
 * he depicted scenes often in mountains, far away from any factories, than captured the romantic fascination with the sublime power of nature
 * In his, //Wanderer above the Sea of Fog,//he captured many of the themes that revolved around romanticism like melancholy, isolation, and individual communion with nature
 * in this painting, he painted trees reaching for the sky and mountains stretching into the distance.
 * to him, nature seemed awesome, inspiring, powerful, and overshadowing of human perspectives
 * **(Talia Mamann)** ||
 * **__Section 21.5: Political Challenges to the Conservative Order__**
 * 1) 1. In what regions would revolts break out in the 1820s?
 * 2) 2. Which revolts succeeded?
 * 3) 3. Why was the middle class in Spain so disgruntled with Ferdinand VII’s policies?
 * 4) 4. In the Kingdom of Naples, what did the soldiers and members of the carbonari want? Successful?
 * 5) 5. What did the people of the Kingdom of Piedmont Sardinia want? Successful?
 * 6) 6. Who came to power in Russia after Tsar Alexander I died in 1825?
 * 7) 7. Why was the new tsar challenged? What would this revolt be named?
 * 8) 8. When would Serbia win Independence? From who?
 * 9) 9. Identify the **Treaty of Adrianople**of 1829?
 * 10) 10. When would Greece gain its independence?
 * 11) 11. Identify **Simon Bolivar**.
 * 12) 12. Identify the **French Revolution of 1830**.
 * 13) 13. What influenced the Belgians to revolt against the Dutch?
 * 14) 14. In 1831, Belgium gained independence as what type of government? What would be important about Belgium from this point forward?
 * 15) 15. Who were the Bobbies?
 * 16) 16. Identify the **Reform Bill of 1832**. || * Spanish revolts, 1820s
 * Italian revolts, 1820s
 * Decembrist revolt
 * Greek revolts, 1820s
 * French Revolution, 1830 (aka July Revolution)
 * Charles X
 * Louis-Philippe
 * British Reform Bill of 1832
 * “rotten boroughs” ||
 * ** Group terms: share these terms in our class wikispace page ** || * Latin American revolts, 1820s
 * Law of Indemnity
 * Law of Sacrilege
 * Barricades
 * Belgian independence
 * Italian and Polish revolts, 1830s
 * Bobbies ||

=**__Chapter 20: The Cataclysm of Revolution, 1789-1800__**=
 * Complete and turn in terms for each section on the day the readings/terms are due (see edline)
 * Complete ONE term from the group list for 20.1 to 20.3 – paste these here in the chart

> · Significance: this pushed France ahead of all other countries and into a leading power across the world > || 1. In response to the peasant unrest, what “sweeping changes” did the National Assembly decide to make and in what way did this mark the **End of Feudalism**?# a. //Consider// how the Enlightenment intellectuals would feel about these events…just food for thought but best if you can make these connections. > - using lord’s mills > - ensure children’s inheritance of the land > - this led to attacks on aristocrats and seugneurial records of peasants’ payments- this futher escalated into widespread refusal by peasants to pay these dues and increase violence displayed by the peasant population- many believed a major peasant rebellion would arouse from the issue > Olympe de Gouges, // Declaration of the Rights of Women //// ( ////** Moshe Levenson **//// ) // > // - //// used logical reasoning to effectively argue her points // > - // e.g.- since “’women has the right to mount the scaffold (gallows),’” she must “’equally have the right to mount the rostrum (platform for public speech)’” // > Republic of Virtue
 * Questions || Terms, people, etc. to define **(bold = term online)** ||
 * **__ Introduction: __**
 * 1) 1. According to Hunt, the events of 1789 marked a “fundamental transformation.” Explain what she means by a “fundamental transformation.”
 * 2) 2. What was the French Revolution’s most famous slogan?
 * 3) 3. When all was said and done, what had the French revolutionaries done to remake society and politics according to the principles set forth by the Enlightenment?
 * 4) 4. When all was said and done, in what way had the French revolutionaries inaugurated modern totalitarianism? || * Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
 * Modern Totalitarianism ||
 * ** Group terms: share these terms in our class wikispace page ** || * Bastille
 * a royal fortress and symbol of monarchial authority in the center of the capital
 * it started the constitutional crisis
 * on july 14, 1789, armed Parisians captured the Bastille.
 * the fall of the Bastille showed the determination of the common people to put their mark on events
 * it was just like the women's march to Versailles three months later
 * (**ELYSE TRIPP**)
 * Model of modern revolution **__SOPHIE ROSE__**
 * **Model of modern revolution**
 * Describes the French revolution
 * France became this after 1789
 * It became the model for:
 * Republicanism (France was a republic)
 * Democracy (all men had rights to vote)
 * Terrorism (gov behaved like this in order to acquire obedience)
 * Nationalism
 * Military dictatorship (to be strong against enemies)
 * **__20.1: The Revolutionary Wave, 1787-1789__**
 * 1) 1. What nations experienced revolts during the **“Revolutionary Wave,” 1787-89**?
 * 2) a. What was the cause of this “wave”?
 * 3) b. How was France’ revolution different from the others?
 * 4) 2. Who were the **Dutch Patriots**and Free Corps?
 * 5) a. Did they ultimately want the same things?
 * 6) b. What side in the Dutch Revolt did Frederick William II of Prussia take and what was the result?
 * 7) 3. Who led the **Belgian Independence movement**and what did they want?
 * 8) a. What group joined them but then challenged their authority?
 * 9) b. Why did the democrats support the Austrian Habsburg Emperor Leopold II?
 * 10) 4. Who were the **Polish Patriots**, what did they want, and who was against them? Did they succeed?
 * 11) 5. According to Hunt, what was the connection between the **origins of the French Revolution**and the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) between the English and French?
 * 12) 6. Explain France’s **fiscal crisis**and the role it played in the start of the French Revolution.
 * 13) 7. **Estates General**:
 * 14) a. Explain “voting by order” and “voting by head” in the Estates General and the role it played in the start of the French Revolution.
 * 15) b. What was the National Assembly and how did it emerge? Who joined it?
 * 16) 8. What was Louis XVI’s reaction to the National Assembly and how did that lead to the **Fall of the Bastille**?
 * 17) a. What important precedent was set by the fall of the Bastille?
 * 18) b. What was the new National Guard used for? || * Atlantic revolutions
 * Revolution definition, p. 750
 * 1) a. before 1789
 * 2) b. after 1789
 * Louis XIV
 * Marie Antoinette
 * Estates General & 1st, 2nd, 3rd estates
 * Voting by head, voting by order
 * Abbe Emmanuel Sieyes, //What is the Third Estate?//
 * National Assembly
 * Tennis Court Oath
 * Fall of the Bastille ||
 * ** Group terms: share these terms in our class wikispace page ** || * The Dutch Revolt, 1787
 * Occurred in the Dutch Republic (one of the Low Countries)
 * Lead by the Dutch Patriots
 * Wanted to reduce the powers of the prince of Orance (allies with Great Britain)
 * Had support of the middle class bankers, merchants, and writers
 * Demanded political reforms and organized armed citizen militias of men who called themselves the Free Corps
 * They paraded around and demanded liberty
 * Chanted “Liberty or death”
 * Forced local officials to set up new elections and reelect councils
 * Demanded “the true republican form of gov in our commonwealth” (the reduction of stadholder powers)
 * Fought against the troops of the prince of Orance and won
 * British supported Orange and helped out
 * Wanted a democratic form of government
 * Published pamphlets and cartoons that attack the prince and his wife
 * Allowed clubs and societies of commoners
 * Organized crowd pleasing public ceremonies
 * Parades and bonfires
 * Significance: obtained liberty for the Dutch Republic, put Free corps in power, and most of all used a new power tactic: PROPOGANDA
 * The Belgian Independence Movement
 * Because Joseph II tried to introduce Enlightenment-inspired reforms, this secret society formed armed companies to prepare an uprising
 * Got each province to declare its own independence causing the Austrian administration to collapse
 * When other people joined the aristocratic authority, they mobbed these rebels and caused them to support the Austrians under Emperor Leopold II
 * **SIG-** shows a failed attempt at a revolt because of counter-rebellions
 * (**//ARI CLEMENTS)//**
 * Polish Patriot Movement
 * Assembly of Notables
 * was a group of handpicked nobles, clergymen, and officials
 * they were the first group Louis XIV went to in 1787
 * Louis came to them and submitted a package of reforms
 * the Assembly of Notables refused to cooperate with the king, which caused the king to present his proposals for a more uniform land tax to his old rival the parlement of Paris
 * that group also refused so the king ordered the parlement judges into exile
 * overnight, the judges (members of nobility because of offices they held) became popular heroes for resisting the king's tyranny
 * however, in reality, like the Notables, the judges wanted to reform on their own terms only
 * Finally, Louis gave in to the demands that he called a meeting of the Estates General (which last met 175 years earlier)
 * (Talia Mamann)
 * **Cahiers de Doléances** ||
 * **__20.2: From Monarch to Republic, 1789-1793__**
 * 1) 2. What freedoms were guaranteed in the **//Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen//**?
 * 2) a. What new questions did this raise? For and about Jews? (see also the document p. 758)
 * 3) b. How did women respond?
 * 4) **3.** **The Constitution and the Church:**
 * 5) a. Describe France’s version of a constitutional monarchy.
 * 6) b. How did the deputies of the National Assembly handle the Catholic Church?
 * 7) 4. What was the purpose of the royal family’s flight to Austria and how did this mark the start of the **End of the Monarchy**?
 * 8) **5.** **War with Austria and Prussia:**
 * 9) a. How and when did the National Assembly become the Legislative Assembly?
 * 10) b. In 1792 war with Austria seemed inevitable. To both sides of the revolution, what did they believe this war would do?
 * 11) c. In what way did “war have an immediate radicalizing effect on French politics”?
 * 12) **6.** **The Second French Revolution, August 10, 1792:**
 * 13) a. What were the roles of both the sans-culottes and the Jacobins in the revolution?
 * 14) b. How and when did the Legislative Assembly end and the National Convention begin?
 * 15) **7.** **Republican rivals and the execution of the king:**
 * 16) a. What challenges did the National Convention face soon after being established?
 * 17) b. How had the revolution divided the French population?
 * 18) c. What debate brewed between the Girondins and the Mountain? What was the final outcome? || * Great Fear
 * //Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen//
 * Departements
 * Civil Constitution of the Clergy
 * Legislative Assembly
 * sans-culottes
 * Jacobin Club
 * National Convention
 * Girondins and the Mountain ||
 * ** Group terms: share these terms in our class wikispace page ** || * Seigneurial dues (** Moshe Levenson **)
 * Under the new Seigneurial system of France, people, especially the lower class had to pay Seigneurial dues
 * These were dues (like taxes) that had to paid to their lords for either:
 * As food shortages and major increase in population occurred, rumors had it that the aristocrats were plotting to kill the people by burning crops
 * Olympe de Gouges, Declaration of the Rights of Women
 * 1791
 * During this new reformation period, __men__ of all different ethnicities and religions were granted their certain political rights- even Jews and Protestants
 * Women were excluded from this; therefore, Olympe de Gouges, along with many other activists, petitioned and started clubs in order to uplift their political rights
 * Her // Declaration of the Rights of Women //// ‘played’ off the language of the actual Declaration in an attempt to justify women’s inclusion in the law. //
 * // She consistently argued her points with evidence from everyday life //
 * Active citizen vs. passive citizen
 * assignats
 * Brunswick Manifesto
 * September Massacres ||
 * **__20.3: Terror and Resistance__**
 * 1) **1.** **Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety:**
 * 2) a. What was Robespierre’s justification for the terror, for the suppression of all dissent?
 * 3) b. What were the policies of the Committee of Public Safety?
 * 4) 2. What was the **Republican Culture**that the Committee of Public Safety created?
 * 5) 3. Describe the campaign of **de-Christianization**. What was its purpose?
 * 6) 4. How did the committee attempt to “republicanize” **daily life**and family life in France?
 * 7) 5. **Resisting the Revolution**: Not everyone was pro-“Republic”.
 * 8) a. How and why did women resist?
 * 9) b. What happened in Lyon?
 * 10) c. What happened in the **Vendee Rebellion**of 1793.
 * 11) 6. **The Fall of Robespierre and the End of the Terror, The Revolution devours its own**:
 * 12) a. What were first to be disbanded as a result of the increased intensity of the Terror? Why were these actions considered a turning point in the Revolution?
 * 13) b. Who were the critics of the Committee of Public Safety? How did the Committee handle them?
 * 14) c. Overall, what was the estimated “damage” of the Terror?
 * 15) d. What happened to Robespierre?
 * 16) 7. **Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory**:
 * 17) a. What is the difference between the “White Terror” and the “Red Terror”?
 * 18) b. Identify **The Directory**.
 * 19) c. What was so significant about 1794? || * Committee of Public Safety
 * Maximilien Robespierre
 * The Terror- Ilana Makover
 * Maximilien’s idea of republic of virtue led to The Terror. During this time an instrument called the guillotine was used to execute people. This instrument was used to fight the enemies of the Revolution including Marie- Antoinette. A person can be executed if he says something critical about the government. People were hired to seek out these ‘rebels’. Maximilien created this terror. Besides helping fight wars, the terror helped republicanize everything like arts, set up civic festivals and attack churches in campaign called de-Christianization. These Churches stored arms, grain and stones. These people knocked off statues in Notre Dame cathedral. They wanted to create a Cult of Reason.
 * Vendee Rebellion, 1793
 * Thermidorian Reaction
 * Directory Government ||
 * ** Group terms: share these terms in our class wikispace page ** || * Guillotine - This was a machine, invented during the French Revolution, used to behead dissenters to the government. It was composed of a sharp blade attached to a rope, that would fall when released. So many people were killed by guillotine during the French Revolution and Reign of Terror that it became a symbol for the revolution. (**Matthew Silkin**)
 * The General Maximum
 * De-Christianization
 * Cult of Reason
 * Cult of the Supreme Being
 * **Painting: //Death of Marat// by Jaques David**
 * **Lysee schools** ||
 * **__20.4: Revolution on the March__**
 * 1) **1.** **Arms and Conquests:**
 * 2) a. By the end of 1793, due to conscription, the French army had upwards of 700,000 men. Still, what problems stood in its way?
 * 3) b. With all of those problems, what was the main advantage for the French army?
 * 4) c. How was the French army viewed as they moved into other nations?
 * 5) d. What “republics” were created as a result of these military drives – what territory did they conquer?
 * 6) e. Socially and economically, what were the results of these wars?
 * 7) **2.** **European reaction to revolutionary change:**
 * 8) a. How did European reaction to the French Revolution change between 1789 and 1895? Consider reactions by elites, enlightened intellectuals, and countries/regions.
 * 9) b. Poland extinguished: what was the impact of the revolution in Poland? Why?
 * 10) 3. **Revolution in the Colonies:**How did the revolution in France lead to the revolution in St. Domingue?
 * 11) a. How important were France’s Caribbean colonies? What was the impact of the revolution on the economy in St. Domingue?
 * 12) 4. **The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte:**
 * 13) a. What campaigns would “launch his meteoric career”? How so?
 * 14) b. What was the idea behind the Directory’s decision to send Napoleon to Egypt?
 * 15) c. In what ways would this campaign be a failure? A success?
 * 16) d. Explain how Napoleon Bonaparte would come to power as France’s First Consul. || * **émigrés**
 * Second and Third Partition of Poland
 * Francois Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture ||
 * ** Group terms: share these terms in our class wikispace page ** || * Napoleon Bonaparte
 * The Consulate ||

=**__ Chapter 19: The Promise of Enlightenment __**= Emilie du Chatelet: (1706-1749) She was a physician and a mathematician and author during the enlightenment. She lived with Voltaire from 1733 and they were lovers, while helping answer scientific and philosphical questions. She translated and had commentary on Newton's //Principia Mathematica.// She had many scientific breakthroughs like an assessment of kinetic energy that were compared to the brilliance of Einstein. (MEYER GRUNBERG) * are people who do not believe in any kind of G-d * this belief only came about after the scientific revolution > **(Moshe Levenson)**These were a series of war from 1756-1763 which was also called the Diplomatic Revolution. The war reshaped alliances all acrossEurope. EnglandandPrussiaformed defensiveAlliance, and after burdeningAustria,Austriaformed an alliance with France, who were later joined byRussiaandSweden. The main war was fought betweenGreat BritainandFranceover territory. The wars took place on land and over sea as well. Alliances also joined in to aid in the fighting. 1. As more rulers began introducing reforms, what happened to the expectations of their subjects? 2. What problems faced the poorest classes of society? How did they respond? 3. What impact did free trade, associated with the beliefs of the physiocrats, have on societies? 4. What would the impact of the rise of public opinion have on nations, both its subjects and rulers? 6. What was the underlying message of Beaumarchais’ //The Marriage of Figaro//? 7. What were the leaders of the American Revolution influenced by? 8. What did these leaders not have? What did they want? 9. When did the British colonists begin to reevaluate their “status”/ 10.What events between 1763 and 1775 would cause the colonists to declare their independence in 1776? 11.Identify the **//Declaration of Independence//**. 12.When would the American Revolution end? 13.When the Constitutional Convention met in 1787, how did they decide the newly formed independent and united Stated of America should be governed? How does this reflect Enlightenment ideals? 14.What impact would this revolution in the British North American colonies have on France? || * Flour War, 1775 > **rotten-boroughs SOPHIE ROSE**
 * Complete and turn in terms for each section on the day the readings/terms are due (see edline)
 * Complete ONE or two terms from the group list – paste these here in the chart
 * Questions || Terms, people, etc. to define ||
 * **__ Introduction: __**
 * 1) 1. Identify **Voltaire**
 * 2) 2. What are the ideals of the Enlightenment? || * Voltaire
 * Enlightenment ideals ||
 * **__ 19.1: The Enlightenment at Its Height __**
 * 1) 1. Identify **Enlightenment**.
 * 2) 2. When did the Enlightenment emerge?
 * 3) 3. Identify **//philosophes//** (It will be a VERY long answer spread out over a number of pages…my suggestion-BULLET)
 * 4) 4. What phrase sums up the Enlightenment and is associated with Emmanuel Kant?
 * 5) 5. Describe the importance of “reason” during the Enlightenment.
 * 6) 6. Identify the **//Encyclopedia//**.
 * 7) 7. What was the primary concern of the //philosophes//?
 * 8) 8. From what social class did most //philosophes// belong? Who is the exception?
 * 9) 9. Universities, dominated by Catholic clergy, were unreceptive to Enlightenment ideals. By what methods, then, did the Enlightenment spread?
 * 10) 10. Who was best known for her salon gatherings? Identify.
 * 11) 11. What was the purpose of these salon gatherings and their importance in regards to the Enlightenment?
 * 12) 12. Why were criticisms of religion particularly dangerous?
 * 13) 13. Who would be the most outspoken philosopher concerning religion? What was his famous writing concerning this topic? Explain.
 * 14) 14. Recollect what role Newton’s theories had on religion.
 * 15) 15. What writing is Abbe Guillaume Raynal known for? What did it promote?
 * 16) 16. Describe the dichotomy of the Enlightenment view on slavery.
 * 17) 17. What did the Enlightenment critics of church and state usually advocate? What did they believe would allow this to occur?
 * 18) 18. How did the //philosophes// react to the French Revolution? Why?
 * 19) 19. What was the impact of Montesquieu’s //Spirit of the Laws//?
 * 20) 20. Enlightenment writers shifted attention away from religious questions to focus on what topics?
 * 21) 21. What were the two major results of this shift?
 * 22) 22. Identify **Adam Smith**.
 * 23) 23. Identify **Jean-Jacques Rousseau**.
 * 24) 24. Explain how Rousseau’s idea of the “social contract” is different from Locke’s and Hobbes’ view.
 * 25) 25. Where did the Enlightenment flourish both generally and specifically?
 * 26) 26. Where was the Enlightenment “hot spot”, and why?
 * 27) 27. Describe how books, censored books especially, made their way into France.
 * 28) 28. Explain the main difference between the French Enlightenment and the German Enlightenment.
 * 29) 29. What is Gotthold Lessing known for?
 * 30) 30. Identify **Emmanuel Kant**.
 * 31) 31. For what was Mesmer known?
 * 32) 32. Identify **Johann Wolfgang von Geothe** || * Enlightenment
 * Philosophes
 * Salons
 * Marie-Therese Geoffrin
 * Deism
 * //Ecrasez l’infame//
 * Laissez-faire ||
 * ** Group terms: share these terms in our class wikispace page ** || * Diderot, //Encyclopedia//
 * David Hume, //Natural History of Religion//
 * Abolitionism **SOPHIE ROSE**
 * The petition to government to abolish slave trade as well as slavery
 * Many blacks revolted because felt it was unfair that they did not receive equal power to whites
 * Because enlightenment believed in natural rights, antislavery movements formed
 * Slaves began to write stories about their slavery
 * Olaudah Equiano-1788 wrote book about slavery
 * //The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano//
 * Significance: shows the human nature of treating blacks as inferior which can be recognized for centuries later all the way until the civil rights movements. Blacks have always been treated inferiorly, many people, such as abolitionists, have always been around. Abolitionists prove the importance of standing for what you believe in because slavery could have been stopped if more people took a stand
 * Montesquieu, //Spirit of the Laws//
 * Adam Smith
 * (1723-1790)
 * believed that individual interests naturally harmonized with those of the whole society.
 * published //An Inquiry into the Nature and the CAuses of the Wealth of Nations//
 * insisted that individual self-interest, greed was compatible with society's best interests
 * rejected the mercantilist views
 * argued that the division of labor in manufacturing increased productivity and generated more wealthy for society
 * manufacture of pins=one man to draw out the wire, another to straighten it, a third to cut it a fourth to point it
 * endorsed laissez-faire
 * (**ELYSE TRIPP)**
 * Jean-Jacques Rousseau, //The Social Contract// (//**JARED SAMILOW)**//
 * **Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)** was a Swiss philosopher, author, and romanticist. His works about the rights of men and kings greatly shaped the 1789 French Revolution. His concept of //The Social Contract//explains how a government and social order should operate. He believed that the power should belong to the people alone, and that ALL should give up the same amount of power in order to form a government, such that no one is really surrendering more freedom than anybody else. He claimed that laws that were not approved by the general population were not really laws at all---thus the will of kings and the aristocracy are nothing without consent from the people, according to Rousseau. His ideas have helped shape American, French, and English government to a certain extent. The idea of a president/prime minister elected by ALL---regardless of wealth---is employed today in the United States.
 * Atheism
 * before the scientific revolution, everyone believed in G-d
 * after Newton, people began to think that the universe was an eternally existing, self-perpetuating machine in which G-d's intervention was unnecessary
 * **For the first time, writers claimed the label atheists and disputed the common view that atheism led inevitably to immorality **
 * (Talia Mamann)
 * Romanticism
 * Great Awakening
 * Hasidism
 * New sect of Judaism from the foundation of the Ba’al Shem Tov who invented a new form of popular prayer where believer tried to annihilate his own personality for supernatural to come through him à  prayed loudly and clapped and swayed joyfully while wearing rustic clothing and fur hats
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Hated the other sects of Judaism, but it spread all over Poland-Lithuania
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Believed they were the most pious
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">SIG **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">- showed how the revivalism also spread to different small religions (**ARI CLEMENTS)**
 * Methodism ||
 * **__ 19.2: Society and Culture in an Age of Enlightenment __**
 * 1) 1. What percentage of Europe’s population was considered nobility? What about by country?
 * 2) 2. How did nobles’ seigniorial dues impact the peasants?
 * 3) 3. What state’s nobles cared very little about the Enlightenment, and what states were more open to it?
 * 4) 4. Identify the term **middle class**
 * 5) 5. What purpose did salons, Masonic lodges, and learned societies/academies serve? during the Enlightenment?
 * 6) 6. Why did the papacy condemn Masonic lodges?
 * 7) 7. What strengthened links between the nobles and members of the middle class?
 * 8) 8. Describe Frederick II’s palace.
 * 9) 9. In what ways did music begin to reflect the broadening of the elite and the spread of the Enlightenment?
 * 10) 10. What musical composers were most influential during this period of time?
 * 11) 11. What sparked an increase in publication during this time? Support.
 * 12) 12. What was created to deal with the growing number of poor?
 * 13) 13. What was essential for people to participate in new tastes and ideas?
 * 14) 14. Where were literacy rates the highest? What types of works did the lower classes read?
 * 15) 15. During this time, the rates of birth out of wedlock soared. What were some possible causes of this?
 * 16) 16. What were the choices for women who became pregnant out of wedlock?
 * 17) 17. In terms of sexual behavior, all countries had laws against certain sexual behaviors. What laws existed and what behavior was least tolerated?
 * 18) 18. What did the Enlightenment teach the middle and upper class parents about the education of their children?
 * 19) 19. Why would the Industrial Revolution begin in England?
 * 20) 20. List the three innovations dealing with cotton production and their “inventors”. What would be the impact of these innovations by the end of the 18th century?
 * 21) 21. For what reason did textile manufacturing expand dramatically in the 18th century? Explain.
 * 22) 22. What were the major differences in the impact of the Enlightenment on nobles, middle-classes, and lower classes? || * seigniorial dues
 * bourgeoisie
 * neoclassical
 * // depots de mendicite // ||
 * ** Group terms: share these terms in our class wikispace page ** || * population growth ** (David Ostrofsky) **
 * During the Enlightenment period (2nd half of 18th century) the population of Europe grew by 30%. There was an increase in food production and prices continued to rise for food. Although some prospered, many at the lower part of the social ladder didn’t (laborers and peasants). 10% relied on some sort of charity and the overwhelming poor population was too much for governments.
 * Sig- Although some good things resulted from the rising population in Europe (food production and a larger middle class) there were many negative effects too (such as a high poor population and beggars that crowded the streets).
 * literacy rates- ( **David Ostrofsky** )
 * This is the ability to read/ write a language. In Europe during the height of the Enlightenment the literacy rate rose. This allowed middle and even lower class citizens to partake in new ideas. England and the Dutch Republic had very high rates while France had a lower rate (50% of men). The majority of books the poor had were religious.
 * Sig- The rise in literacy in this age allowed for the spread of Enlightenment thinking throughout the Continent.
 * out of wedlock birth rate ** (Moshe Levenson) **
 * The out of wedlock birth rate in Europe greatly increased during the Enlightenment era, which jumped from less than 5% to 20% by the end of the eighteenth century. This increase was due to women’s taking over control of their sexual lives, while other view it as seduction and betrayal.
 * Industrialization
 * transform European society
 * began in England
 * population increased by more than 50%
 * manufacturers established facotires to concentrate the labor of their workers
 * manufactuers introduced stream-driven machinery in increase output
 * the production of cotton goods increased
 * (**ELYSE TRIPP**) ||
 * **__ 19.3: State Power in the Era of Reform __**
 * 1) 1. What, traditionally, have been the standard forms of competition among nations?
 * 2) 2. The Thirty Years’ War was the last and most deadly of the wars over religion. For what reasons, then, did nations fight each other?
 * 3) 3. Military strategy became cautious and calculated. Yet, the instability of the European balance of power resulted in what major issues?
 * 4) 4. What sparked the War of Austrian Succession?
 * 5) 5. What nations banded together during this war? Why?
 * 6) 6. What was the result of the War of Austrian Succession?
 * 7) 7. Identify the **Seven Years’ War**.
 * 8) 8. What was the Seven Years’ War called in North America? Why?
 * 9) 9. What happened in the central Europe portion of the Seven Years’ War? Why?
 * 10) 10. Identify the **Treaty of Paris of 1763**.
 * 11) 11. What helped lift the Prussians to the ranks of leading powers? Explain.
 * 12) 12. Describe the canton system.
 * 13) 13. Describe the first partition of Poland.
 * 14) 14. What problems did rulers face in after the Seven Years’ War? How did those rulers respond?
 * 15) 15. Identify **Enlightened despotism**?
 * 16) 16. Who is Cesare Beccaria and what is he known for?
 * 17) 17. What happened to the Jesuits from 1773-1814? Why?
 * 18) 18. How far did religious toleration extend during the Enlightenment?
 * 19) 19. When enlightened absolutist rulers instituted reforms, what groups tended to be unhappy? Give an example.
 * 20) 20. What impact did Leopold II have on his brother’s reforms?
 * 21) 21. When did serfdom disappear entirely in France?
 * 22) 22. Who are the physiocrats and what did they encourage?
 * 23) 23. Why would Louis XV die one of the most despised kings in French history? Who would succeed him?
 * 24) 24. Who did Louis XVI choose to carry out the suggestions of the physiocrats? What would he do for France?
 * 25) 25. Why would Louis XVI eventually dismiss him?
 * 26) 26. Describe the paradox of the Enlightenment. Think of an example that would further demonstrate this paradox. || * Enlightened despots
 * Catherine the Great
 * Joseph II
 * Partition of Poland
 * physiocrats ||
 * ** Group terms: share these terms in our class wikispace page ** || * Pragmatic Sanction of 1713
 * A declaration by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI which allowed for Maria Theresea a female heir to rule after him.
 * Most European leaders agreed to it at the time however in 1740 once Charles VI died Frederick II King of Prussia broke it and invaded Austria.
 * This evasion began the War of the Austrian Succession which ended up involving many European powers however Maria Theresa remained in power at the end of the war and only had to give up the province of Silesia.
 * SIG – The Pragmatic Sanctions of 1713 represented how women were beginning to grow in power and were even given the thrown. It also showed the instability of the balance of powers which had begun to form and ended up creating the War of the Austrian Succession. Isaac Kurtz
 * War of the Austrian Succession, 1740-1748
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Ever since Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI died without a male heir, there were difficulties over the succession of Austrian throne
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Chosen heiress was his daughter Maria Theresa because Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 allowed a woman to inherit Habsburg crown lands.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Frederick II immediately invaded the rich Austrian province of Silesia since it was easy chance.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Great Britain allied with Austria against France and Prussia to prevent France from taking Austrian Netherlands.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Soon came to overseas colonies of Great Britain and France. French and British colonials in North America fought each other along boundaries, joining native American back-ups
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Britain failed to isolate the French Caribbean colonies and hostilities broke out in India
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Maria Theresa gave Silesia to Prussia to split Prussians off of France
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle of 1748 recognized her as heiress and her husband, Francis I, as Holy Roman Emperor, but failed to resolve the colonial conflicts and fighting there continued
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">SIG- **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;"> showed the instability of European balance of power and the fights over overseas colonies **(ARI CLEMENTS)**
 * Seven Years’ War, 1756-1763 (called French and Indian War in the US)
 * Seven Years’ War, 1756-1763 (called French and Indian War in the US)
 * Diplomatic Revolution
 * Reform policies of enlightened monarchs(pp 733-36, read these!)
 * Response of nobles ||
 * **__ 19.4: Rebellion Against State Power __**
 * Pugachev rebellion, 1773
 * Wilkes Affair, 1763
 * ** Group terms: share these terms in our class wikispace page ** || * rotten-boroughs
 * **Group term:**
 * **Group term:**
 * One of the reforms that was proposed by John Wilkes during his rebellion against the parliament
 * he was trying to make a statement that the government and Parliament in Great Britain is exclusive
 * promised his voters he would make reforms:
 * one of these reforms in rotten boroughs
 * Wilkes promised he would get rid of small districts’ elections that hold so few people that they are controlled by one big patron
 * This gave everyone more of a chance and more of a say by not letting one powerful family or person control
 * Significance: Wilkes proposed all these reforms and attracted tons of people to his ideas on how to make Great Britain’s governmental system better and more efficient
 * **ANOTHER PERSON-(I DIDN'T SEE THAT ANYONE DID IT BEFORE):**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Election districts that are so small they can be controlled by one big patron
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">During the Wilkes affair, some of the more determined Wilkesites proposed the reform to eliminate these à <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">helped gain supporters
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">One of the demands that was core to the parliamentary reform in Britain for years to come
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">SIG- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">they helped show how public opinion can challenge a government **(ARI CLEMENTS)**
 * American revolution as a world-wide conflict (French, Spanish, Dutch, British) ||

=**__ Chapter 18: The Atlantic System and its Consequences, 1690-1740 __**= Enlightenment || * Bernard de Fontenelle, //Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds//(1686) >> >> //**JARED SAMILOW- Bernard de Fontenelle**// > Pierre Bayle, //News from the Republic of Letters// (Hunt says he “changed the world”)
 * Complete and turn in terms for each section on the day the readings/terms are due (see edline)
 * Complete ONE term from the group list – paste these here in the chart
 * ** Questions ** || ** Important people, terms, etc. to define ** ||
 * ** Introduction: The Atlantic System and its Consequences, 1690-1740 **
 * 1) 1. Why does Lynn Hunt say that Bach’s era “might well be called the age of coffee?” (p. 665)
 * 2) 2. Why does the caption on p. 665 refer to coffeehouses as a “new public space;” what does this mean?
 * 3) 3. According to the first full paragraph on p. 666, what will be the focus of section 18.1?
 * 4) 4. According to the second full paragraph that begins on p. 666, what will be the focus of section 18.2?
 * 5) 5. According to the third paragraph on p. 666, what will be the focus of section 18.3?
 * 6) 6. According to the fourth paragraph on p. 666, what will be the focus of section 18.4? || * Atlantic System ||
 * ** 18.1: The Atlantic System and the World Economy **
 * 1) 1. In the intro to this section there are two key statements. Make sure you understand these statements and use them as your focus in reading.
 * 2) a. “Europeans did not draw most of the world into their economic orbit until the 1700s.” AND
 * 3) b. “The Atlantic System and the growth of international trade helped create a new consumer society.”
 * Slavery and the Atlantic System: **
 * 1) 2. Why did European trade in the Atlantic expand and why did European powers shift toward colonizing? (keep in mind that there will be a shift to a stronger focus on colonizing in the late 1800s, this is just the start).
 * 2) 3. What countries bought and sold slaves, where did most slaves get sent, how many Africans were sent as slaves, and when were the years of the highest slave trade rates?
 * 3) 4. Why did New England have fewer slaves, why did the sugar growing regions of Brazil and Caribbean have more slaves?
 * 4) 5. How did the slave trade permanently alter consumption patterns for people in Europe?
 * 5) 6. What does Hunt argue is the origin of Modern Racism?
 * 6) 7. Compare the Americas to Asia and Africa in terms of the white settlements and the influence of the white settlements in each region.
 * The Birth of Consumer Society: **
 * 1) 8. Hunt’s argument is that the population explosion of the first half of the 1700s combined with the economic growth of the Atlantic System, led to a consumer revolution in the 1700s. Explain this argument – consider also the info in chapter 18.2 as you think about this question. || * Plantations
 * Population explosion
 * Consumer Revolution ||
 * ** Group terms: share these terms in our class wikispace page ** || * mestizos **Sophie Rose**
 * The children of Spanish men and Indian women
 * Made up a quarter of the population
 * Aspired to have social powers and join local elite
 * Significance: had no power because of racism. They were considered slaves and had no rights. Led to Civil War and mistreatment of blacks and people with differences. Takes after reformation’s heretics- people who were different and not completely accepted into society ||
 * ** 18.2: New Social and Cultural Patterns **
 * 1) 1. What are the changes in the rural areas that contributed to the Consumer Revolution?
 * Agricultural Revolution: **
 * 1) 2. What were the four changes in England that started the Agricultural Revolution?
 * 2) 3. Where did these techniques and the AgRev spread, what countries areas still followed subsistence farming practices?
 * 3) 4. Compare western and eastern Europe – how were agricultural conditions similar and different?
 * Social Life in the cities: **
 * 1) 5. How did agricultural changes in the countryside change conditions in the cities?
 * 2) 6. Explain the social classes in urban areas of Europe:
 * 3) 7. Explain the key signs of social status in the urban areas of Europe (street plans, clothing, literacy).
 * 4) 8. Look at the image on p. 680 – explain Hunt’s statement about the image: “Hogarth’s depiction reveals as much about middle-class fears as it does of actual lower-class behavior.”
 * New Tastes in the Arts: **
 * 1) 9. What did the growing middle class do with their increasing prosperity (in terms of arts, music, literacy, religion)?
 * 2) 10. What does Hunt mean when she says that the new urban audience of the middle class “began to compete with the churches, rulers, and courtiers as the chief patrons for new work?” (p. 681) Why is this shift important? || * Agricultural Revolution
 * Enclosure movement
 * Gin Act
 * Rococo – both art and music ||
 * ** Group terms: share these terms in our class wikispace page ** || * Pietism
 * A Protestant revivalist movement spread through churches in the German Lutheran states, the Dutch Republic, and Scandinavia
 * Believe in mystical, deeply-emotional, ecstatic religion of the heart
 * Urged intense bible study à promoted education and increased literacy
 * Went to catechism instruction and morning/evening prayer daily
 * Appealed to both Catholics and Protestants
 * Catholic brand à quietism /Jansenists
 * **SIG**- showed the new cultural patterns regarding religion **(ARI CLEMENTS)**
 * Quietism - This is the idea that philosophy is mostly a remedial practice. Quietists believe that philosophical theories - including non-quietist theories - are actually not meant to be shared with the world, but are meant to help oneself calm the spirit and return to a sense of intellectual calm. (**Matthew Silkin**)
 * Jansenists
 * Was a Christian theological movement primarily in France, that emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace and predestination.
 * In the 1720s Jansenism took a revivalist turn after they had been persecuted by Louis XIV.
 * At the burial site of A Jansenist priest many people claimed to have seen miraculous events and started and Jansenist cult around his grave, which the French government was unable to disband.
 * After midcentury Jansenism became more politically active as its adherents joined in opposition to crown policies on religion. Isaac Kurtz ||
 * ** 18.3: Consolidation of the European State System **
 * 1) What is the main point of this opening paragraph, and therefore the main point of the entire section? (Hint – consider the title of the section)
 * The Limits of French Absolutism: **
 * 1) Why is the war over who would be the next monarch in Spain, the War of Spanish Succession, in the section about French Absolutism?
 * 2) What was the domestic impact of Louis’ policy of absolutism?
 * British Rise and Dutch Decline: **
 * 1) When you are done reading, can you explain Hunt’s main point about this section – in the late 1600s, the British and Dutch shared a ruler and close ties, by the early 1700s, Great Britain dominated the Dutch – how did that happen?
 * 2) Why did Scotland not want to support the succession of the House of Hanover as the English monarch?
 * 3) What were Ireland’s religious and political objections to the House of Hanover?
 * 4) What is the evidence that Dutch economic and political power dwindled in the 1700s?
 * Russia’s Emergence as a European Power: **
 * 1) List all the points of Peter the Great’s westernization plan:
 * 2) List all the points of Peter the Great’s reorganization of government that centralized his power/built power for the state:
 * 3) Explain the goal and extent of Prussian militarization (and locate Prussia on a map, p. 691, 701).
 * The Power of Diplomacy and the Importance of Numbers: **
 * 1) Explain France’s diplomatic service.
 * 2) Why was population studies so important to monarchs in the late 1600s and 1700s? (tie this to the book //Worldly Philosophers//)
 * 3) Why did wealthy urban people “hire men to carry them in sedan chairs or drive them [through the city] in coaches?” (p. 693).
 * 4) How did hospitals and the treatment of disease change in the 1700s? || * War of Spanish Succession, 1701-1713
 * Peace of Utrecht, 1713-1714 (need details, add in p. 692)
 * Peter the Great
 * Westernization
 * St Petersburg
 * Church Patriarch
 * Great Northern War
 * Battle of Poltava, 1709
 * King Frederick William I (1713-1740) ||
 * ** Group terms: share these terms in our class wikispace page ** || * House of Hanover, House of Windsor
 * Jacobitism, Jacobites
 * Sir Robert Walpole and First Prime Minister in England
 * Patronage system or patronage machine
 * Table of Ranks (Russia)
 * Criminal Code of 1754 and Serfs
 * War of Polish Succession, 1733-1735
 * Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
 * Edward Jenner ||
 * ** 18.4: The Birth of the Enlightenment **
 * Popularization of Science and Challenges to Religion: **
 * 1) 1. How did the Enlightenment idea of progress and happiness (p. 696) clash with the ideas supported by the Great Chain of Being?
 * 2) 2. How did the “new skeptics” glorify science and scientists and what challenges did they present to faith, the bible, and the state? How did religious and political leaders respond? (pp. 695-98)
 * Travel Literature and the Challenge to Custom and Tradition: **
 * 1) 3. How was “travel literature” used to challenge European social customs and political systems?
 * Raising the Woman Question: **
 * 1) 4. What is the “woman question” and how was it treated by Enlightenment thinkers? || * skeptic
 * Voltaire
 * Montesquieu
 * The “woman question” ||
 * Group terms: share these terms in our class wikispace page * Bernard de Fontenelle was a French author who lived in the 17th and 18th centuries. * LIVED TO BE ALMOST 100 years old (quite a feat now, imagine that then)
 * Published //Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds//in 1686.
 * Concurred with Copernicus’ view of a heliocentric world
 * Is considered one of the earliest and most influential works of the
 * He is a French writer. His book was about a conversation between an aristocratic woman and a man of the world. He talked about the heliocentric view of the world so society can know of this view. This is considered the first major work of the Age of Enlightenment. (Ilana Makover)
 * Bernard de Fontenelle was a French author who lived in the 17th and 18th centuries.
 * LIVED TO BE ALMOST 100 years old (quite a feat now, imagine that then)
 * Published //Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds//in 1686.
 * Concurred with Copernicus’ view of a heliocentric world
 * Is considered one of the earliest and most influential works of the Enlightenment
 * Mary Astell
 * English author
 * 1666- 1731
 * // A Serious Proposal to the Ladies // (1694)=**advocated founding a private women’s college** to remedy women’s lack of education
 * Argued for intellectual training based on Descates’s principles, in which reason, debate, and consideration trumped custom or tradition
 * **her work inspired other women to write in the similar way and content**criticized the relationship between the man and wife in a marriage. (**ELYSE TRIPP)**
 * Ovism
 * **Group term: Ovism SOPHIE ROSE**
 * After the woman question in the enlightenment era, women began fighting for rights and questioning why men have more powers than women
 * Eventually, physicians and surgeans began to chamion ovism- the female eg was essential in making new humans
 * Significance: this idea of ovism gives women greater status and power because it sends a message to all men that woman are important and do impact the creation of man ||
 * Significance: this idea of ovism gives women greater status and power because it sends a message to all men that woman are important and do impact the creation of man ||

=**__ Chapter 17: State Building and the Search for Order, 1648-1690 __**=
 * Complete and turn in terms for each section on the day the readings/terms are due (see edline)
 * Complete TWO terms from the group list – paste these here in the chart

* <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">during the English civil war of Oliver Cromwell vs. Charles I, the country divided into two and this was one of the groups it split into. * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Cavaliers vs. the Roundheads. * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">during the English civil war of Oliver Cromwell vs. Charles I, the country divided into two and this was one of the groups it split into. * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Cavaliers vs. the Roundheads. J**ARED SAMILOW (Test Act of 1673)** King James I in 1673, following the Corporation Act, enacted this decree. The Act of 1673 declared that in order to hold public office or be eligible for certain job positions, one would have to declare his unwavering faith to the Anglican Church, and renounce any belief in the Catholic view of the Eucharist or to any other religion. The Act increased religious intolerance in England, and in many ways may have contributed to the formation of the American colonies as many left England in hopes of establishing new lives in which they could worship as they pleased. ƒb
 * ** Questions ** || ** Important people, terms, etc. to define ** ||
 * ** Introduction: **
 * 1) 1. What does the story of Francois Vatel reveal about state building in the 17th century?
 * 2) 2. What was the other form of governance at this time that paralleled the emergence of the age of absolutism? Define it and explain where it succeeded, where it was less successful.
 * 3) 3. Why did these types of governments chiefly emerge? || * Absolutism
 * Constitutionalism ||
 * ** 17.1: Louis XIV-Model of Absolutism **
 * 1) 1. Louis XIV is one of the best examples of an absolute ruler. Explain.
 * 2) 2. What phrase is he known by? Why?
 * The Fronde, 1648-1653: **
 * 1) 3. Identify **the Fronde**.
 * 2) 4. Why did these revolts never pose a real threat?
 * 3) 5. What kind of impact did the Fronde have on Louis XIV and his subsequent policies?
 * Court Culture as an Element of Absolutism: **
 * 1) 6. What group created Louis XIV’s biggest danger and toughest challenges? How did he solve this “problem”?
 * 2) 7. What was the significance of the label “the Sun King”?
 * 3) 8. List/explain the focus on arts during Louis XIV’s reign and explain why the arts were given so much attention.
 * 4) 9. What was Louis XIV’s purpose in building the palace at Versailles?
 * Enforcing Religious Orthodoxy: **
 * 1) 10. What stance did Louis XIV take regarding religion and religious conformity? What steps did he take to ensure this stance?
 * Extending State Authority at Home and Abroad: **
 * 1) 11. Who was Jean Baptiste Colbert? What new economic policy did he endorse? Explain how he implemented this new policy.
 * 2) 12. What impact did **mercantilism** have on French power and status in Europe?
 * 3) 13. What was Louis XIV’s main foreign policy goal and how did he use the army to achieve it?
 * 4) 14. How were France’s finances affected by the wars of Louis XIV? || * Louis XIV, “The Sun King”
 * // The Fronde //
 * Cardinal Richelieu
 * Parlements
 * Palace of Versailles
 * Divine right
 * Intendants
 * Jean-Baptiste Colbert
 * Mercantilism ||
 * ** Group terms: share these terms in our class wikispace page ** || * Moliere
 * Jaques-Benigne Bossuet
 * Cardinal Mazarin
 * Jansenists
 * Bureaucracy
 * Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 1685
 * War of Devolution, 1667-68; Dutch War, 1672-1678; War of the League of Augsburg, 1688-1697 (see chart p. 629) ||
 * ** 17.2: Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe **
 * 1) 1. // Briefly // describe the problems confronting the rulers of Brandenburg-Prussia, the Habsburg lands, and Russia.
 * Brandenburg-Prussia and Sweden: Militaristic Absolutism: **
 * 1) 2. Identify **Frederick William the Great Elector**. How did he succeed in achieving absolute rule in Brandenburg-Prussia?
 * 2) 3. How important was the army to Brandenburg-Prussia?
 * 3) 4. Explain what Hunt means when she says that the Baltic Sea was a Swedish Lake (p. 632); explain the “absolutist consolidation” of Sweden.
 * An Uneasy Balance: Austrian Habsburgs and Ottoman Turks: **
 * 1) 5. What did Leopold I need to do in order to protect his empire?
 * 2) 6. Describe the **Treaty of Karlowitz**. What was its impact on Hungary?
 * 3) 7. Describe how the “Ottoman state could appear weak in Western eyes and still pose a massive military threat”?
 * Russia: Foundations of Bureaucratic Absolutism: **
 * 1) 8. How was Russia viewed by “Western” Europe?
 * 2) 9. How important was serfdom to Russia?
 * 3) 10. Describe how **tsar Alexei** extended his powers. How is this similar to the trend of absolute rulers across Europe?
 * Poland-Lithuania Overwhelmed: **
 * 1) 11. If Poland-Lithuania did not follow the absolutist model, then what did it do and why?
 * 2) 12. What happened to the non-Catholic populations (Jews and Protestants) in Poland-Lithuania? What did this signify? || * Frederick William the Great Elector
 * Frederick I
 * Leopold I
 * Tsar Alexei
 * Code of 1649
 * Old Believers
 * The Deluge ||
 * ** Group terms: share these terms in our class wikispace page ** || * Junkers
 * Treaty of Karlowitz
 * Hungarian Diet
 * Stenka Razin
 * Shtetls
 * Jan Sobieski ||
 * ** 17.3: Constitutionalism in England **
 * 1) 1. Overall, what was the political trend in Europe in the second half of the 17th century? How was England different?
 * 2) 2. What made the **English Civil War** a religious war, what made it a more modern revolution?
 * 3) 3. What were the political disagreements that led to the English Civil War?
 * 4) 4. What were the religious tensions that led to the English Civil War?
 * 5) 5. What did the emergence of new Protestant sects indicate to the political elite?
 * 6) 6. What were Oliver Cromwell’s religious policies? What were his political policies regarding Ireland and Scotland? What were his domestic policies?
 * 7) 7. Describe “Great Britain”. How did Great Britain come to be?
 * 8) 8. How did Charles II come to power? What were his religious policies?
 * 9) 9. Describe the two factions in Parliament. What did each of them want? What eventually made these two groups join forces?
 * 10) 10. || * James I
 * Charles I
 * Petition of Right
 * William Laud
 * Oliver Cromwell
 * Charles II, The Restoration
 * Tories
 * Whigs
 * James II
 * William prince of Orange and Mary
 * Bill of Rights
 * Glorious Revolution ||
 * ** Group terms: share these terms in our class wikispace page ** || * Ship money - This was a tax which Charles I placed on coastal cities in order to equate the cost of defending those cities. The tax could be paid either in actual ships (hence, ship money) or the equivalent value of a ship. However, he levied the tax without Parliament's consent, and this became one of the causes of the English Civil War. (**Matthew Silkin**)
 * Court of Star Chamber
 * Book of Common Prayer - This is a series of short prayer books used in the Anglican Communion during the reign of Edward VI, after the schism from Rome. It contained many of the prayers and psalms sung in Church in English for the first time, allowing everyone to read it. It has influenced many modern editions, as well as many phrases (such as "Speak now, or forever hold your peace") that are still used to this day. (**Matthew Silkin**)
 * House of Commons; House of Lords **JARED SAMILOW**
 * 1) **House of Commons; House of Lords-** The House of Commons and House of Lords are the two bodies of the English Parliament. The House of Lords is the upper house (like U.S. Senate), while the House of Commons is the lower house (like U.S. House of Rep.). The influence of the House of Lords grew under the rules of Edward II and Edward III---during the 14th Century. The H.O.L. reached the zenith of its power under Henry VIII in the 1500s. The House of Commons developed more slowly than the House of Lords---and did not become a major body of Parliament until the late 1800s to mid 1900s. The English Parliament was roughly equal to the power of the monarch during the 1800s---and when the two disagreed government usually came to a standstill. However, the formation of a powerful Parliament demonstrated the waning power of monarchy, and a new era of democracy and concern for the common people. **(17.3)**
 * Cavaliers:
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">the Cavaliers supported the king
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">they were the English nobles and church officials that controlled most of the country
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">this civil war in England displayed the permanent tension England **(Talia Mamann)**
 * Roundheads:
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">the Roundheads was the Parliament
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">they were protestant and were the religious upper class merchants
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Oliver Cromwell fought alongside them because of the same religious beliefs.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">they were called roundheads because they cut their hair short
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">they were the people who controlled the finances in the country
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">this constant wars and disputes over power displayed the tension in England ( **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Talia Mamann) **
 * New Model Army
 * Levellers
 * Presbyterians and Independents
 * Diggers, Seekers, Ranters
 * Quakers
 * Rump Parliament= Independents in the army kicked out the Presbyterians from Parliament, leaving 'rump' of about seventy members. This created a high court to try Charles I. It abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords and created a Puritan republic with Cromwell as its chairman. He later on abolished the Rump Parliament in a military coup and made himself Protector. (**ELYSE TRIPP**)
 * Declaration of Indulgence
 * Test Act of 1673= Parliament passed the Test Act of 1673 to further assert their authority. It required all government officials to profess allegiance to the Church of England and in effect disavow Catholic doctrine. (**ELYSE TRIPP**)
 * Exclusion Crisis
 * Toleration Act of 1689 ||
 * ** 17.4: Constitutionalism in the Dutch Republic and Overseas Colonies **
 * The Dutch Republic: **
 * 1) 1. How was the Dutch Republic governed?
 * 2) 2. What were the economic strengths of the Dutch Republic?
 * 3) 3. Describe the structure of the Dutch Republic artistically, socially, religiously.
 * Freedom and Slavery in the New World: **
 * 1) 4. Describe the **1661slave code** that was implemented after the English and French realized the lucrative nature of the slave trade. What was the impact on Barbados?
 * 2) 5. What role did private companies across Europe have in this trade?
 * 3) 6. What factors do historians contribute to the increase in the slave trade?
 * 4) 7. How were the English colonies governed during this period? What was the impact on the native peoples in the regions the English colonists occupied? || * Stadholder
 * Benedict Spinoza ||
 * ** 17.5: The Search for Order in Elite and Popular Culture **
 * 1) 1. What questions were associated with the meaning of freedom?
 * Social Contract Theory: Hobbes and Locke: **
 * 1) 2. Compare and contrast **Hobbes** and **Locke;** their ideas including the Social Contract.
 * 2) 3. To be “truly educated”, men and women needed to be knowledgeable in what?
 * 3) 4. What was so controversial about Newton’s theories?
 * 4) 5. What was the purpose of science academies both for rulers and their subjects?
 * Freedom and Order in the Arts: **
 * 1) 6. What did people fear most at this time? How did they respond?
 * 2) 7. Compare **classicism** to the **baroque** style. What nation chose classicism as its national style and why?
 * Women and Manners: **
 * 1) 8. What role did manners play among the people of the court; how did they use manners to separate themselves from the lower classes? Who was responsible for teaching them?
 * 2) 9. How were the lives of peasants different from the upper class elite? How were they viewed from “above”?
 * Reforming Popular Culture: **
 * 1) 10. What did campaigns against paganism and religious ignorance do for rulers?
 * 2) 11. How were the poor viewed? Why was this view a rather new concept? What was the “solution”? || * Thomas Hobbes
 * John Locke
 * Social Contract
 * Isaac Newton
 * Baroque
 * Classicism
 * Salons ||
 * ** Group terms: share these terms in our class wikispace page ** || * Law of universal gravitation= Issac Newton united the mechanics of heavenly motion in a single law of universal gravitation. ** This further enhanced the prestige of the new science=upper-class men and women realized that being educated required knowledge of the new science. **He synthesized the laws of movement found among bodies on earth and related them to planetary motion. He united celestial and terrestrial mechanics with this law. Everybody in the universe lets out an attractive force over everybody that is directly proportional to the square distance between them. He established his law by first applying mathematical principles to formulate three fundamental physical laws (**ELYSE TRIPP**)
 * Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) **SOPHIE ROSE**
 * He claimed that he had invented the calculus
 * German princes supported him
 * **He helped establish scientific societies in the German states**
 * He wrote about metaphysics, cosmology, and history
 * Margaret Cavendish **SOPHIE ROSE**
 * A writer of poems, essays, letters, and philosophical treaties
 * The Royal Society of London invited her to attend a meeting to watch the exhibition of experiments.
 * **She attacked the use of microscopes and telescopes because she found a mechanistic view that challenged Christian belief in freedom of the will.**
 * She urged the formal education of women
 * John Milton= (1608-1674) He was an English Puritan poet. He gave priority to individual liberty. He published writing in favor of divorce. He wrote // Areopagitica // =his response is **one of the first defenses of freedom of the press** when Parliament created a censorship law aimed his writings. He served as secretary to the Council of State. He wrote **// Paradise Lost //**** ( ** 1667)=used Adam and Eve’s Fall to mediate on human freedom and the tragedies of rebellion. He creates the Satan to be so compelling as to be heroic. Individuals learn the limits to their freedom, yet personal liberty remains essential to their definition as human. (**ELYSE TRIPP**)
 * Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) **SOPHIE ROSE**
 * His architect and sculptures exemplify the combination of religious and political purposes in baroque art
 * He was the papacy’s official artist
 * He created St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome (1656-1671)
 * **By using freestanding colonnades and huge open space, it impressing the individual observer with the power of the popes and the Catholic religion**
 * He was hired to plan the Louvre palace in Paris but then rejected his ideas as incompatible with French tastes.
 * Moliere//, The Middle-class Gentleman// (**JARED SAMILOW)**
 * Social satire written by Moliere in 1670---presented before court of Louis XIV.
 * Poked fun at the aristocracy through the title---middle glass gentlemen (a gentlemen is a term that refers to a noble, not a middle class man)
 * Was inspired by the visit of a Turk to France, who claimed that the courts of Turkey were superior to those of Louis XIV. (**17.4)**
 * Was inspired by the visit of a Turk to France, who claimed that the courts of Turkey were superior to those of Louis XIV. (**17.4)**
 * The novel ||

1. Identify modernity ||  || 1. For what reasons did family life flourish? 2. What led to increasing social tensions? 3. What were the benefits and challenges that the sharp increase in population caused as the 20th c. opened? 4. What did eugenicists favor? 5. In what ways did a woman’s role vary across the continent? 6. Who is **Friedrich Nietzsche**? 7. Describe the new field of sexology. 8. Who is **Havelock Ellis**? 9. Who is Max Nordau? 10. For what reasons did new studies of criminology, behavior science, etc. emerge? 11. Who is Ivan Pavlov? 12. Identify **Sigmund Freud** and **psychoanalysis**? || · Eugenics · new woman · third sex || 1. Identify **Modernism** 2. What role did positivism play in the late 19th c.? 3. What beliefs came to replace positivism? 4. Who is **Max Weber**? What did he foresee? 5. Describe Nietzsche’s distinction between the “Apollonian” side of human existence and the “Dionysian” side. 6. What was so significant about Nietzsche’s claim that “God is dead, we have killed him?” 7. List the discoveries that shook the foundations of traditional scientific certainty? 8. What was the importance of **Albert Einstein’s** work? 9. List the new and competing artistic forms and their respective artists. 10. In what ways did art serve as political criticism? || · paradigm shift · art nouveau || 1. What was challenging the liberal status quo? 2. What issue was on the minds of those within the Second International? 3. Identify **V.I. Lenin**. 4. What restrictions did women, as a whole, deal with on a daily basis? 5. What was the impact of Bertha von Suttner’s //Lay Down Your Arms//? 6. Generally, who worked for women’s suffrage? 7. Where (what nation) and in what year were women granted the right to vote? 8. Identify **Emmeline Pankhurst**. 9. In 1905, the British Liberal Party won a solid majority in the House of Commons. What legislation did they enact in order to gain the support of the working-class? 10. How was the **Irish Question** handled during the late 1890s both from the Irish and British perspectives? 11. What kept Parliament from enacting the legislation that //finally// approved home rule for Ireland in 1913? 12. What problems plagued Italy following unification? 13. What steps were taken to aid in fostering a national consensus in Italy in the 1890s? 14. Who is **Giovanni Giolitti**? 15. In the decades leading up to WWI, what tactic was used by politicians to attract support and win elections? 16. How well was this tactic received? 17. Identify the **Dreyfus Affair**, include **Emile Zola** and **//J’accuse//** 18. Identify **Magyarization**. What were the implications? 19. Who is **Karl Lueger**? Describe his “politics of the irrational?” 20. List the various ways Jews responded to growing repression and anti-liberal politics? Include identifications of **Leon Pinsker**, **Palestine**, **Theodor Herzl**, and **Zionism** || · revisionism · Bolsheviks · Mensheviks · Syndicalists · Suffrage/ suffragettes || 1. Serious questions about imperialism emerged in the early 1900s. Why? 2. Identify the **Boer War**, Cecil Rhodes’ role, and the war’s consequences. 3. Why were people across Europe shocked at the events of the Boer War? 4. The U.S. became involved in European imperialism during this time. Explain. 5. What had been the U.S.’s experience in expansion prior to the early 1900s? 6. What regions interested Italy? 7. How did Japan come to emerge as a major imperial power? 8. What was the impact of this emergence on Europe? 9. //Briefly// describe the **Sino-Japanese War** and **Russo-Japanese** **War** (include results) 10. Leading up to the Revolution of 1905, what problems had been plaguing Russia? 11. Identify the **Russian Revolution of 1905** (aka-“Bloody Sunday”) 12. What took place across Russia in the aftermath of the Revolution? 13. How did tsar Nicholas II respond? (**October Manifesto**) 14. Ultimately, what would be the most profound effect of the Russian Revolution of 1905? 15. What was the catalyst behind national-minded subjects’ protest of European imperialism? 16. Identify the **Boxer Rebellion** of 1900. 17. What happened to the Qing Dynasty? 18. Identify **Sun Yat-Sen**. 19. Who is **B.G. Tilak** and what did he promote? 20. How did sultan Abdul Hamid II try to piece the Ottoman Empire back together? Result? 21. Identify the **Young Turks**. 22. What was becoming of imperialism in the years leading up to WWI? || · soviet || 1. Briefly describe the **Fashoda Incident** and its result. 2. What was the main difference between Otto von Bismarck and Kaiser William II? 3. Describe the **First** (1905) and **Second** (1911) **Moroccan Crisis**. 4. What impact did the idea of Mitteleuropa have on Russia and the ethnic minorities in the Balkan region? 5. Describe the **First Balkan War** (1912). 6. Describe the **Second Balkan War** (1913) 7. The Balkan region at this time was referred to as “the powder keg”. Based on the results of these conflicts, assess the validity of this description. 8. What did nations do to “prepare for war”? 9. What would be the impact of Alfred Nobel’s dynamite patent? 10. List some of the breakthroughs in weaponry. Impact* 15. How did a conflict between Austria and Serbia turn into World War I? 16. Assess the validity of this statement: The alliance system was created to keep nations from going to war. || · Entente Cordiale · Mitteleuropa · arms race · Gavrilo Princip · ultimatum ||
 * **Questions** || **terms to define** ||
 * **__Introduction:__**
 * **__25.1: Private Life in the Modern Age__**
 * **__25.2: Modernity and the Revolt in Ideas__**
 * **__25.3: Growing Tensions in Mass Politics__**
 * **__25.4: European Imperialism Contested__**
 * **__25.5: Roads to War__**
 * 11. What motivated the British to ally with France and the Entente Cordiale **
 * 12. What event “sparked” the outbreak of WWI? **
 * 13. Describe the ultimatum given by Austria to the Serbian government. **
 * 14. Describe the “ **blank check**” Germany issued to Austria.