England

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=**__Post-Middle Ages-English Civil War__**= //(Happy Now?) very. //

//__ Hundred Years’ War- __//

 * England fought with France over the French throne and cloth in the Low Countries.
 * They were victorious in many pivotal years, but ultimately, they were defeated and therefore lost all continental possessions.
 * Great internal destruction and disruption
 * o Therefore, the need for money caused king to summon parliaments more often
 * § Gave nobility and merchants more power
 * Set foundation for constitutional monarchy
 * For more reading, []

//__ New Monarchs- __//

 * Right after the Hundred Years’ War, England was theoretically “forced” into the War of the Roses, in which 2 factions of nobles fought against each other.
 * o An internal and civil conflict
 * Since the two factions wiped each other out, the Tudors were able to take the opportunity and try rebuilding the power in England.
 * o Became the New Monarchs and utilized centralizing techniques along with the other European rulers to try to rebuild Europe and ensure peace after the disasters of the previous century.
 * § Henry VII and VIII tried taming the aristocracy and created the Star Chamber—a royal system of courts.

//__ Reformation- __//
therefore created this to confirm some Catholic practices such as clerical celibacy.
 * Henry VIII initially Catholic and therefore called the “Defender of the Faith” after criticizing Luther for his comments on the sacraments.
 * o //__ Hint: __// (rhyme): “Henry the eigth, was the Defender of Faith, for not allowing the Protestant Reformat(ion).”
 * Though, after being denied a divorce by Pope Clement VII from Catherine Aragon for not producing a male heir, he and the English Parliament passed several acts ended the relationship:
 * o ** Act of Supremacy: ** declared him (Henry) the head of the English—Anglican—church and recognized his marriage between him and Anne Boleyn.
 * o ** Act of Succession: ** legitimized the offspring of he and Boleyn
 * o ** Six Articles: ** though passing these acts, still didn’t want to reform and
 * ** Queen Elizabeth I ** - daughter of Henry VIII and Anne
 * o Protestant, but a //politique// for politics
 * o Considered Virgin Queen because she never married
 * o Established compromise called the Elizabethan Settlement
 * o When Philip II Spain launched Spanish Armada to restore Catholicism in England, she defended her country and defeated the Spanish, ensuring England would remain Protestant and free from foreign dominance
 * § Established British dominance on the seas
 * o Stability during her reign brought England Renaissance and brought writers such as Shakespeare.
 * o First involvement in Indian continent à East Indiana Trading Company

=**__English Civil War__**=

//__ English Civil War (1642-1651)- __//
Some important dates for the English and French Revolutuions from the College Board
 * James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England and united 2 kingdoms
 * o Started taking more and more power for himself
 * o Was not liked because he didn’t understand the role of the Parliament
 * § Believed epicospal (bishops) structure was necessary: “no bishops, no king”
 * Charles I was not liked because of religious instability
 * o Forced to sign Petition of Right (1628), which limited king’s power by giving some choices to the Parliament regarding taxation, liberties, etc.
 * o He was forced to call in all of Parliament—resulted in //Long Parliament—//because of need for funds for defense against Scottish rebellion.
 * Civil War started when Charles I tried to arrest Puritan Parliamentary leaders
 * o War between Cavaliers—forces of the king—and the Roundheads—forces of the Parliament
 * § Resulted in capture of Charles I
 * o Oliver Cromwell of Parliament made New Model Army
 * o After Cromwell’s Pride Purge, where he took all his followers from Parliament, the rest of independents left were known as Rump Parliament
 * In 1653, Cromwell established a republic over England, Scotland, and Ireland, and declared himself Lord Protector over this republic in the Instrument of Government (a constitution)
 * After Cromwell’s death, the Parliament restored the monarchy and made Charles II the king.
 * o He also had political and religious issues
 * James II then ascended the throne and the Tories (half of Parliament) supported him while the Whigs (other half) did not.
 * ** OVERVIEW: **
 * o James, Charles, (Commonwealth, Interregnum), Charles, James
 * Whigs invited William of Orange, stadholder in Netherlands, and wife Mary to invade and take control of throne
 * o He quickly took over throne in //Glorious Revolution//
 * o Created Bill of Rights, agreeing to respect Parliamentary sovereignty and liberties
 * o Also, Toleration Act à religious toleration
 * o Act of Succession à cultural act—no Catholic king
 * In 1707, English Parliament agreed with Scotland to create United Kingdom
 * o Act of Union
 * All these acts and Glorious Revolution laid foundation for British dominance in eighteenth century.
 * Key Dates in the Buildup to the English Civil War:**

1603: James VI of Scotland became James I of England (d. 1625).

1625: Charles I succeeded his father as king of England (r. 1625–1649).

1628: Parliament passed the Petition of Right.

1629–1640: Charles I undertook Personal Rule (did not call Parliament).

1638: First Bishops’ War took place (first war for which the monarch did not have parliamentary approval).

1640: Second Bishops’ War occurred.

1640: Short Parliament took place (April–May).

1640: Long Parliament opened.

1641: Long Parliament passed the Triennial Act, prohibited arbitrary taxation and abolished the

prerogative courts (Court of High Commission, Star Chamber).

1642: Charles attempted to arrest five MPs (January).

1642: Fighting broke out between Royalist and Parliamentarian forces (September).


 * Key Dates in the Buildup to the French Revolution**

1771: Parlements was abolished by Louis XV.

1774: Louis XVI succeeded his grandfather, Louis XV (r. 1774–1793); reestablished parlements.

1774–1776: Turgot served as French finance minister; proposed ambitious reforms.

1786: Assembly of Notables convened (for the first time in 160 years) to approve Calonne’s plan to reform

finances, but it refused to do so.

1787: Calonne was dismissed; increasing intransigence of parlements.

1788: French government was bankrupt.

1788: Louis XVI was forced to call the Estates General (which had last been convened by Louis XIII

in 1614).

1788–1789: Massive inflation occurred; food prices rose dramatically.

1789: Meeting of the Estates General opened (May).

1789: Tennis Court Oath (June 20).

1789: Bastille was stormed (July 14).

1789: Privileges were renounced (August 4). A FRQ comparing the two: [] =**__Imperialism__**= media type="custom" key="15889674"

=**__Enlightenment__**=
 * ==England in the Enlightenment ==
 * Pioneered the part of literature: novels
 * o Was possible because of usage of printed publications
 * The new way of thought created professionalization à  excluded traditional practitioners
 * Religious Revivalism
 * o John Wesley created Methodism which appealed to lower classes
 * Alcoholism
 * o became major problem à  “Taverns”
 * Philosophes
 * o Intellectual thinkers of period
 * § Believed in reason, secularism, equality, and progress
 * o David Hume
 * § Leader of Scottish Enlightenment
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Adam Smith
 * o **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">L **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">abor is Value
 * o **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">I **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">nvisible Hand/laws of supply and demand
 * o **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">F **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">ree Trade because of comparative advantage
 * o **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">T **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">o have division of labor
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Voltaire publicly spoke admiration of England’s government and toleration during Enlightenment period
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Reformers
 * o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">The Quakers
 * § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">First abolitionist society in Europe
 * o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">John Wilkes
 * § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Criticized king’s policies—“Wilkes and liberty!”
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">American Revolution—Separation from Britain

media type="custom" key="16097162" =**__Industrial Revolution__**= >> media type="youtube" key="WGOlbydp7nY" height="315" width="420" //**Now for those of you who think you won't do well on your exam, just listen to our bud, Andy. He made this song just for the AP Euro Class of WYHS '12.**// media type="youtube" key="CmrOB_q3tjo" height="315" width="560"
 * //Are you bored? Visit the site right here and you will definitely get distracted: media type="custom" key="16095716"//**
 * //Or check out some sports scores://**
 * ==<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">England’s Industrial Experience ==
 * o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Revolution supporting human life, deriving from scarcity on Old Regime
 * o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Mineral/Mechanical Energy
 * o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Higher output per capita—more goods, cheaper cost, rising standard of living
 * o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Had many advantages
 * § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Geography à <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">island status
 * § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Economic à <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">agricultural revolution and mobile labor force
 * § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Political à <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">enclosure acts, private property, navy, colonies (markets)
 * § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Social à <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> aristocrats and middle class shared interest in commerce and profit accumulation
 * o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Classical Economists
 * § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Thomas Malthus—food can’t keep up with birth rate
 * § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">David Ricardo—Iron Law of Wages
 * o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Technological and textile innovations
 * § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Mechanization and the putting-out system
 * § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Steam Power, Coal Mining, Iron, and Railroads
 * § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Machine tools made from steel
 * o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Factory systems
 * o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Crystal Palace Exhibition
 * § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Since it established its industrial dominance, this was the world’s first world fair to celebrate the nation’s accomplishments
 * o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Protest Groups
 * § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Chartists à <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">universal male suffrage
 * § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Luddism à <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">rejection of mechanization
 * § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Grand National Consolidated Trade Union à <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">by Robert Owen
 * ==<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Social Effects ==
 * o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Great population increase
 * o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Horrendous working, living, and factory conditions
 * § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Owners even preferred children as laborers
 * § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Soon passed Factory Act of 1833 and Public Health Act of 1848 to try to make conditions better
 * o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">New Industrial Classes
 * § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">1. Industrial middle class
 * § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">2. Proletariat à <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">unskilled working class
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Here’s a satirical video to show the horrendous conditions:
 * ==<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Congress of Vienna ==
 * o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">England saw congress as way to reestablish balance of power, but did not want to be involved in stopping other countries’ revolts.
 * ==<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Restoration and Reaction ==
 * o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Conservative Tories controlled
 * o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Passed the Corn Laws
 * o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Peterloo Massacre—democratic movements wanting reform had peaceful gathering that was met by armed forces
 * § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Led to liberal reforms in 1830s
 * ==<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">“ISMS” ==
 * o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Liberalism
 * § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">John Stuart Mill
 * § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Laissez-faire
 * § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Jeremy Bentham à <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">utilitarianism
 * o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Socialism
 * § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Robert Owen built factory in New Lanark, Scotland, to test socialism à <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">successful
 * o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Romanticism
 * ==<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Reforms in 1830s ==
 * o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Reform Act of 1832
 * § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Doubled number of males who could vote
 * o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Repealed Corn Laws
 * o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Mines Act—banned women and children from mines
 * o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Ten Hours Act à <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">limited hours in textile mills

=**__World War I__**=
 * ** In 1907 Britain joined with France and Russia to form the Triple Entente, which was a military alliance used to combat the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.
 * When Germany swept through the neutral territory of Belgium to attack France, and on August 4, 1914 Great Britain was forced to declare war. Combined with French forces Great Britain was able to hold off the German advance at the First Battle of Marne and the essentially ended the Germans beliefs in a quick decisive victory on the western front.
 * Great Britain was also a proponent of **total war**, in which everyone in the country was expected to help in the war effort. Women were expected to take over the men’s jobs, except rations on food and do everything to contribute to the war effort. Britain also used propaganda posters to divert all attention to the war on the home front. Women, because of their contributions to the war were given the right to vote in 1918.


 * When the war ended on November 11, 1918, David Lloyd-George the British Prime minister discussed peace talks in Versailles and sought to see Germany punished and to make sure that their navy was destroyed to ensure English naval superiority.
 * In the interwar period Britain suffered the same issues as many other countries and soldiers came back to see their country faced with high unemployment, urban slums, and a growing number of labor disputes. During the interwar years the Labour Party rose to become the second-largest political party.

=**__World War II__**=
 * In 1935 Hitler began to rearm Germany, an action in strict violation of the Treaty of Versailles; however both France and Germany did nothing to stop Germany who soon remilitarized the Rhineland.
 * In 1937 Neville Chamberlain became Prime Minister of England and adapted a policy of appeasement recognizing Italy’s annexation of Ethiopia, Hitters annexation of Austria, and even signed the Munich Agreement which handed to Germany the Sudetenland.
 * While one can quickly criticize Chamberlain for his actions, one must keep in mind that all of Europe had just came out of one of the most deadly war ever and no one wanted to war again in their times. Moreover, people agreed with Hitler that the Treaty of Versailles had been unjust against Germany.
 * After Germany invaded Poland Chamberlain declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939. This was followed by months of a “phony war” until Germany invaded and conquered northern France. This attack was followed by the famous battle of Britain, were Britain was heavily bombed by the German air force. It is in this battle the England’s Royal Air Force showed its might when they were able to defeat the Germans and Winston Churchill called out his famous words “never was so much owed by so many to so few.”
 * In the beginning of 1945 the combined allied forces were able to push back the Germans and eventually had th0em sign a peace treaty in 1945.

=**__Post War/Modern Era__**=
 * Even before the end of the war Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt and Uncle Joe (Stalin), all met in the Yalta conference to decide what to do with postwar Europe. It was during this meeting that the division of Germany into for sections was agreed upon which set the groundwork for the cold war.
 * In 1947 during the time of decolonization Great Britain withdrew from Palestine leading to the founding of the State of Israel.
 * Following the war one of the greatest political upsets (miracle on ice?) occurred with the victory of the Labor Party and its leader Clement Attlee over Winston Churchill, England’s strong willed leader throughout WWII.
 * Following WWII sweeping reforms were brought into Europe following the belief that there is minimum standard of living “below which no one should be allowed to fall.” This lead to the establishment of the **welfare state** and the National Health Service, which provided for a comprehensive system of free health care.
 * However unlike most Western European countries following WWII England’ s economy did not see a post-war recovery. Many attribute this to the outdated factories and the lack of central economic planning.
 * In 1969 unrest in Northern Ireland worsened prompting the British government to send in troops who on January 30, 1972 fired on civil rights marchers killing 14 in one became known as Blood Sunday
 * Great song too which commemorates the event:
 * media type="youtube" key="JFM7Ty1EEvs" height="315" width="420"
 * In 1979 the first female Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was elected. Thatcher tried to make England more competitive in the global market by reducing the power of trade unions. In 1997 the Labour Party triumphed and Tony Blair became the new Prime Minister.

**__By: The Ari Clements and The Isaac Kurtz, CEOs of The England Projectmedia type="custom" key="16074726"__****__For More Information, contact us at: englandproject@redvolution.org or 1(800)-RED-VOLUTION__**

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__//The Federal Government gave us permission to use specified sources://__ > 1. This site is all of imperialism in England and provides dates, countries, and terms.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England#History]
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">This site provided very detailed history of every time period in England History.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">[|http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/history.html#Tudor]
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">This provided the general occurrences during each time period, but divided the periods strategically.
 * 5) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">[]
 * 6) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">This was just for the Hundred Years' War.
 * 7) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">http://www.britishempire.co.uk/timeline/timeline.htm
 * 8) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">This is the timeline that is at the top of the page about the 18-20th Centuries.
 * 9) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">http://www.empiremuseum.co.uk/interactives/empiremap/index.html
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">History Book
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">This provided a storyline and presented history in a different sense.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Big Blue History College Text Book
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Though quite boring, this allowed us the see each of England's specific and necessary acts in respective time periods.
 * 5) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Isaac's Review Book
 * 6) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">This provided a summary of important facts in a well-formatted organization.
 * 7) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">AP Achiever Review Book
 * 8) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Same as the other Review Book.