France

Elyse Tripp Talia Mamann toc =Wars of Religion:=
 * Henry II died and left three incompetent sons to rule, so Catherine de’ Medici ruled France in their names.
 * Two other French families the House of Bourbon, Protestants, and the House of Guise, militant Catholics, were vying for the throne against the House of Valois.
 * Catherine de Medici then ordered the St. Bartholomew’s Massacre (Figure 1) to kill the Huguenots in France, which started the War of Three Henrys: Catholic Henry of Guise, Protestant King Henry of Navarre, and King Henry III of Valois.
 * Henry of Navarre assassinated Henry of Guise and in return, King Henry III was stabbed to death, leaving Prince Henry of Navarre of the Bourbon House to become king.
 * King Henry issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted freedom to the Protestant minority in France. (Cliffnotes, AP European Histroy)

Figure 1. St. Bartholomew's Day Masacre.

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Timeline: __[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion#Chronology]__

Women: __[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de'_Medici]__

=French Revolution:=
 * Causes**
 * France had an outdated and ineffective social structure, the Old Regime.
 * Under the Old Regime, there were three estates: The First Estate, Second Estate, and Third Estate. This is the social cause of the revolution.
 * The French government was heavily in debt and was unable to balance its budget or even deal with the crisis, and this is the economic cause.
 * King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
 * Unfair and regressive taxes-tax exemptions from the wealthy
 * Debt from the American War for Independence
 * There was conflict between the nobility and the monarchy and this is the fundamental political cause of the French Revolution.
 * To limit the Bourbons power, the nobles set up the power of //parlements,// but Louis XV dissolved the Parlement of Paris, then it was reconvened.
 * The nobles did not like the //letters de cachet,// which allowed the king to arrest and imprison any individual.


 * Meeting of the Estates General**
 * Louis XVI tried to raise the taxes on everyone, including the wealthy, but the Paris Parlement refused to grant Louis XVI the power to raise taxes unless a meeting of the Estates General was called.
 * So, the Estates General met at Versailles on May 5, 1789.
 * Each Estate had drawn up //cahiers de doleances//, a list of grievances, that were intended to makes reforms.
 * There was a general consensus among the three Estates that the royal power had to be limited, the Estates General needed to meet regularly, and that individual liberties had to be guaranteed by law.
 * But, the Estates General voted by each Estate having one vote instead of individual voted and a voting issue arose.
 * The First and Second Estates could outvote the Third Estate, and the Third Estate was frustrated with this, so the Third Estate declared itself the **National Assembly,** on June 17, 1789.
 * Louis XVI locked the National Assembly out of the meeting hall and in response to that, the National Assembly met in the indoor tennis court at Versailles and took the **Tennis Court Oath** (Figure 2) -they would not disband until they had written a constitution for France.

Figure 2. Tennis Court Oath.


 * The Stages**
 * Moderate Stage (1789-1792)**
 * July 14, 1789-The National Assembly thought the king was sending troops to attack them, so the crowds of Paris, marched to Bastille for gunpowder- **Storming of Bastille**(Figure 3).
 * Disorder and violence spread throughout France=Great Fear
 * The king was scared for his life and he tried to flee France, Paris particularly, in 1791 but but unsuccessful at his attempt to leave France.
 * August 4, 1789- Feudalism was abolished
 * August 26, 1789- Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Figure 3. Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789.


 * Radical Stage (1792-1795)**
 * The Radicals took control of the National Assembly and called for the election of a new legislative assembly-The National Convention-based on universal suffrage.
 * There was a new constitution-abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic
 * All members of the National Convention were Radicals and Jacobins
 * Girondists vs. Mountains
 * Leader of the Mountains was Maximilien Robespierre.
 * Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were beheaded


 * Reign of Terror (1793-1794)**
 * Committee of Public Safety
 * Robespierre was the leader during the Reign of Terror (Figure 4).
 * Many people were killed.
 * He proclaimed the Republic of Virtue-his attempt to de-Christianize France and promote his revolutionary values

Figure 4. Reign of Terror


 * Reactionary Stage (1795-1799)**
 * The death of Robespierre began the **Thermidorian Reaction**
 * Tired of violence, the moderates regained control of the National Convention, and a new constitution was written.
 * A republican form of government was set up and the National Convention chose a five member executive group that became know as the **Directory**.
 * Then, the Directory sent **Napoleon Bonaparte** to crush a rebellion in Paris.


 * Napoleonic Era**
 * He overthrew the Directory by a //coup d'etat//
 * He formed a new government-The Consulate
 * Napoleon was the First Consul then crowned Emperor
 * Napoleon's reforms were:
 * Concordat of 1801
 * Napoleon Code (1804)
 * Free Public Education
 * "Legion of Honor"
 * The Bank of France
 * Napoleon won many wars and created the **Confederation of the Rhine** and the **Continental System**
 * Napoleon was exiled to Elba (Figure 5), escaped, and the French people welcomed him back.
 * But, Great Britain defeated him at the Battle of Waterloo
 * Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena and died there

Figure 5. Napoleon's Exile to Elba

= = =French Kings During the 1800s/Post Napoleonic Era=
 * Women**
 * The women's March on Versailles
 * Women's March on Versailles
 * Women gained the right to divorce during the "moderate" period of the French revolution
 * During the radical phase, some women formed the Society for Revolutionary Republican Women, which tried to get equal rights for women.
 * Both the Enlightenment and the French Revolution gave women the agenda for the feminist movement over the course of the next century.
 * Congress of Vienna restored the monarchy in France under Louis XVIII
 * In 1830, French monarch Charles X issued the //July Ordinances//
 * Dissolved part of the legislative branch of the gov. and revoked the voting privileges of the bourgeoisie
 * This resulted in a rebellion that forced Charles X to abdicate
 * The wealthy bourgeoisie asserted their control and installed the more compliant Louis Philippe on the throne
 * In 1848, King Louis Philippe banned reformers from holding public meetings, which led to massive street demonstrations in Paris
 * This forced Louis Philippe to abdicate
 * Second half of 1848—uprising by the working class but it was put down by the army
 * An election in December put Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte into power
 * He staged his own coup d’etat, putting an end to the Second Republic
 * He crowned himself Emperor Napoleon III
 * Carried out many public-works policies
 * Failure in foreign affair became a problem
 * The Second Empire fell when Napoleon III became involved in the ill-fated Franco-Prussian War
 * Established the Third Republic
 * Consisted of a two-house legislature

=France During WWI=
 * Alliances that France was part of:
 * Entente Cordial: Great Britain and France negotiated an unwritten military alliance in 1904 because Great Britain was fearful of Germany's growing industrial and military strength and the building of a powerful navy.
 * Triple Entente: Great Britain, France, and Russia joined together to maintain the balance of power against the Triple Alliance (Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary) in 1907.
 * The alliance system divided Europe into two rivals. The Triple Entente vs. The Triple Alliance. These alliances aggravated rivalry among the nations and made governments nervous about the motives of other countries.
 * Moroccan Crisis of 1905:
 * Morocco was considered a French territory, and Kaiser Wilhelm II protested the French domination.Wilhelm II advocated Moroccan independence and demanded a conference. The conference recognized the special interest of France in Morocco, but reaffirmed Moroccan independence.
 * France was supported by Great Britain, Italy, and the United States.
 * Second Moroccan Crisis of 1911:
 * Germany protested the French occupation in Morocco, but Germany compromised. France was allowed to establish a protectorate in Morocco and in return, Germany received some land along Equatorial Africa.
 * France and Great Britain became a closer alliance
 * WWI:
 * August 3, 1914: Germany declares war on France as part of the Schlieffen Plan. Germany planned on attacking France quickly by crossing through Belgium but Belgium refused and did not allow Germany to pass through its land. Germany invaded Belgium which violated the Treaty of 1839 (that guarenteed Belgium's neutrality by all the Great Powers).
 * August 4, 1914: Great Britain joins France and declares war on Germany
 * France was part of the Allies.
 * Allies: Great Britain, France, Russia, Serbia, and more than 25 other nations. United States joined in 1917. Japan joined in 1914 to acquire land in the Pacific and Italy joined in 1915.
 * Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.


 * In January 1919, representatives from Great Britain, France, Italy, and United States met a Versailles
 * The representative for France was Georges Clemenceau: He sought revenge for the lost provinces of Alsace and Lorraine and wanted to insure that France would not face any other future German invasions.


 * France suffered devastating economic losses and the loss of human life from the war.

=France During WWII=
 * On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland-on September 3, 1939, Great Britain and France decided to honor its agreement with Poland to defend it, so they declared war on Germany.
 * In May, Germany invaded Northern France and passed the **Maginot Line**.
 * On June 22, 1940, German forces captured Paris and occupied all Northern France.The Vichy Government, a puppet government, was established in Southern France.
 * French resistance forces, led by **Charles De Gualle**, escaped to England in hopes of liberating their homeland.


 * United States entered the war and on June 6, 1944, there was the **Invasion of Normandy-** An American general, Eisenhower, directed the largest assault on the beaches of Normandy in France. By August, Paris had been liberated and by the end of 1944, all of France was liberated.

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=Annotated Bibliography: Excellent! = Brautigam, Jeffrey. //AP European History//. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008. Print.
 * This source was used to find some of the information on France's involvement with the Wars of Religion and it was used to find all the information about France during WWII. This was a really helpful book because in the beginning of each section/chapter in this review book, it gives you a list of all the key terms you should be watching out for while you read so it makes you pay attention to them. For example, for France during WWII, I payed attention to the terms and learned what the Maginot line was.

Romano, Michael J. //CliffsAP European History//. New York, NY: Wiley Pub., 2003. Print. Romano, Michael J. //CliffsNotes AP European History//. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Pub., 2010. Print.
 * These review books are very similar because they are both CliffsAP European History but the first review book was published in 2003 and the other review book used was published in 2010. They are not so different but the newer version does have some critical points that the 2003 version is missing. We used both these review books to find a little bit of information for every topic. These were mainly used when referring to the stages of the French Revolution (but another website was also used to find this information) and the Napoleonic Era that came after the French Revolution. The material in these review books are easy to understand and helpful.

Freiler, Chris. //AP Achiever Advanced Placement Exam Prep Guide European History//. Boston: McGraw Hill, 2008. Print.
 * This review book was also used to find a little information for every topic but it was mainly used when we found the information of the causes of the French Revolution. It was very helpful. It clearly gave political, economic, and social causes for the start of the French Revolution and it also explained information about the Old Regime.

"French Wars of Religion." //Wikipedia//. Wikimedia Foundation, 30 Apr. 2012. Web. 30 Apr. 2012. .
 * Wikipedia was used in finding a lot of information about the Wars of Religion like the information on Catherine de' Medici and the information on St. Barthelmew's Day Massacre. It also was used to get two pictures that are on this wikipage.

Hunt, Lynn. //The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures//. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2007. Print.
 * The textbook was used to find most of the information on the French rulers/kings during the 1800s, after Napoleon's reign. It was a little hard to find the information because it was kind of scattered all over chapter but in the end, we found the information and it worked.

Eder, James M., Seth A. Roberts, and James M. Eder. //Barron's AP European History//. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series, 2008. Print.
 * This review book was used to find all the information about the meeting of the Estates General and about some information regarding WWI like the information about France's alliances and about all the information regarding both Moroccan Crises.

"19th Century France - Timeline." Web. 30 Apr. 2012. .
 * This is the timeline used to establish some dates that are all over this wikipage and this is also a link within the wiki. It was helpful because it was color coded: blue for France and literature, green for France and painting, and blue for France's history.

"French Revolution." //The Victorian Web: An Overview//. Web. 30 Apr. 2012. .
 * This website along with the CliffNotes was used to find necessary information regarding some aspects of the French Revolution. This wasn't such a great website we probably only used like one thought-the part about when the king tried to escape France but failed at doing so.