Italy

__Renaissance: __1500's-1600's
 * Italy was not united. Many city-states ruled by merchant oligarchies. Italy center of banking and trade.
 * Rebirth of classical Greek and Latin learning; also known as Humanism. Francesco Petrarch founded it.
 * In Florence the Medici family funded the Florentine Academy, a place humanist gathered to revive the learning of Plato. The Medici ruled Florence and was big patrons of the arts.
 * Michelangelo-David, Raphael- School of Athens, Leonardo Da Vinci- Mona Lisa
 * Machiavelli’s book //The Prince// focused on how Italy should unify politically and strategically. Discussed the politics at the time.
 * Women during this time had to bear children, and keep a household. Women had more professionl jobs, responiblities, and economic contribution in the Middle Ages than the Renaissance. Woman had to be subservient to their husbands. Some upper-class women had power.



__Reformation: __1600's
 * The Church was more concerned with building and getting worldly power then salvation for people. The Pope collected taxes, had a army , and used his religous power to influence monarchs all across Europe.
 * The Church would sell indulgences, a piece paper someone could buy that said they were no longer sinning. The Church would protected the power of priesthood, said mass in Latin when half of the popultaion were iletriate, and refused for the Bible to be printed in the vernacular. Priests had to many jobs and some priests were not educated enough to be a priest.
 * Martin Luther was the first to "revolt" and soon many others joined in against The Church. The church decided to reformitself and try to exterminate the Protestant movement.
 * The Society of Jesuits formed and aimed on building schools and universties around Europe so Europeans would have a better education . Saw themselves as soldiers against Satan. Went on missionaries to spread Catholicism. Was an example on how to live a pious life.
 * Council of Trent was were The Church made reforms such as no more selling of church offices. Retook what it said about Protestants being legal. Made the Index of Banned Books; any book The Church found to be unorthodox was put in this index.



__Unification of Italy__:__ __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 29px;">1860's-1870s
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 19px;">The north of Italy was ruled by Austria and the south of Italy was ruled by France. King Victor Emmanuel II ruled the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia in the north if Italy which was the only place ruled by an Italian person.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 19px;">People were trying to unify Italy in the 1860s and wanted King Victor Emmanuel to be King because he was Italian. His chief minister was Cavour. Cavour made a secret alliance with Napoleon III of France to help him go get rid of the Austrians. At first they were winning, but then Napoleon backed out.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 19px;">Napoleon did not want Italy to unify. The other Austrian-dominated cities were inspired and rebelled also.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 19px;">In the south a man named Giuseppe Garibaldi also began a rebellion. He had at one point been a member of Mazzini’s Young Italy movement. He was angry over the treaty Sardinia and France made which gave France Italian lands Savoy and Nice. Cavour insisted Garibaldi to invade the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Garibaldi led his famous red shirts and they won.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 19px;">Cavour was scared that Garibaldi would unify Italy instead of Sardinia unifying all of Italy. He rushed troops to Naples to block Garibaldi troops.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 19px;">Cavour wanted the Papal States, but waited for a popular revolt. Victor Emmanuel was named the first king of Italy on March 17, 1861. Took all papal lands except Rome and Venetia. After Prussia’s victory over Austria then Venetia was added and later and then Rome.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 19px;">Though Italy was unified was hard because the north was richer with industrialization and the south is not.

__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 29px;">World War I: __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 29px;">1914-1918
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 19px;">Before World War I Italy was part of the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria. But switched sides during the war to the Triple Entente-Britain, France, and Russia.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 19px;">Italy did not like Austria since the Congress of Vienna. Austria had controlled the northern part of Italy for a long time.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 19px;">In a secret meeting in 1915 Italy signed a treaty called the Treaty of London with Britain. Britain promised Italy large sections of the Adriatic Sea region. Britain and France wanted Italy to join, because Britain and France wanted Italy to join in on their side so that a new front could open up t the south of the Western Front. The plan was to split the Central Powers so that its power on the Western and Eastern Fronts was weakened.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 19px;">Italy had huge casualties. They only got 10 miles inside of Austrian territory. Italy did have a victory at Vittorio Veneto.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 19px;">Italy was rewarded very little at the Treaty of Versailles. They got such a small portion of land promised to them that it was an insult. Nationalist thought it was unforgivable that the government could not stand up to the “Big Three”



__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 29px;">World War II: __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 29px;">1939-1945
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 19px;">Axis powers-Germany, Italy, and Japan. They were an alliance, fought against Allies.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 19px;">Benito Mussolini took control of Italy in 1921 and controlled it until 1943. Was a fascist.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 19px;">1. Did a March to Rome. Took power. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 19px;">2. Fascism is a totalitarian government. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 19px;">3. Fascists hate comunist, conservtism, and liberalsim <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 19px;">4.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 19px;">Italy didn’t join the war until 1940. Was ally with Germany. Italy was given some of France’s land. When Germany tried to roundup the Jews in those parts Italy would not allow it and was a frustration on Germany.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 19px;">Italy invaded North Africa. Did not go well. Mussolini had to give up his power in 1943 and was imprisoned by King victor Emmanuel III.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 19px;">3 months after being imprisoned was saved by Germ troops. Set up a government in the north. Was captured and killed by the resistance while trying to flee.

=Timeline:= []

__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 19px;">Bibliography __

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Website on Italy’s involvement in World War I. Easy to read and understand. Helped explained why Italy wanted to go to war.Recommend website.

Princeton Review Book Book that explains everything that will be on AP European Test; Read sections about Unification of Italy. Easy to read, a little bit difficult to understand. Explained the Unification of Italy. Recomend book to read.

5 Steps to a 5 Book on Ap European; read sections about the Reformation. Esay to read and understand. Expalins how the Reformation started and ended. Recomend website.

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Website on art Raphael did. Esay to see. Learned about School of Athens and why it is considered a Renissance art. Recomend website

[] Website that showed picture of Italy unification. Easy to see. Learned how Italy was split and then became unified. Recomend website.

[] Website on Italy's involvment in World War II. Easy to read, hard to understand. Learned about Italy's stratigies in the war, and why they were on Germany's side. Not reccomended website to read.

[] Website on Axis power. Easy to read, understood perfectly. Learned what the Axis alliance was and why it was a big deal. Recomend website.

[] Website on women in the Renaissance. Easy to read, easy to understand. Learned about women's role in Renassiance. recommend website.